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Bogor, tot eind 1949 Buitenzorg, is een stad in West-Java Provincie:West-Java/Jawa Barat (Soendanees en Javaans: Jawa Kulon)
Bogor is a city in the West Java province, Indonesia. Located around south of the national capital of Jakarta, Bogor is the 6th largest city in the Jakarta metropolitan area and the 14th overall nationwide. The city covers an area of 118.50 km2, and it had a population of 950,334 in the 2010 Census and 1,043,070 in the 2020 Census. The official estimate for mid 2021 is 1,052,359. Bogor is an important economic, scientific, cultural, and tourist center, as well as a mountain resort. During the Middle Ages, the city served as the capital of the Sunda Kingdom and was called 'Pakuan Pajajaran' or 'Dayeuh Pakuan'. During the Dutch colonial era, it was named 'Buitenzorg' ("without worries" in Dutch) and served as the summer residence of the Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies. With several hundred thousand people living on an area of about , the central part of Bogor is one of the world's most densely populated areas. The city has a presidential palace and a botanical garden – one of the oldest and largest in the world. It bears the nickname "Rainy City" (Kota Hujan), because of frequent rain showers, even during the dry season.
[edit] History
[edit] Precolonial periodThe first mention of a settlement at present Bogor dates to the 5th century when the area was part of Tarumanagara, one of the earliest states in Indonesian history.[1][2][3] After a series of defeats by the neighboring Srivijaya, Tarumanagara was transformed into the Sunda Kingdom, and in 669, the capital of Sunda was built between two parallel rivers, the Ciliwung and Cisadane. It was named Pakuan Pajajaran, in old Sundanese meaning "a place between the parallel [rivers]", and became the predecessor of the modern Bogor.[4][5]
Over the next several centuries, Pakuan Pajajaran became one of the largest cities in medieval Indonesia with a population reaching 48,000.[5] The name Pajajaran was then used for the entire kingdom, and the capital was simply called Pakuan.[5][6][7][8][9] The chronicles of that time were written in Sanskrit, which was the language used for official and religious purposes, using the Pallava writing system, on rock stellas called prasasti.[2][10] The prasasti found in and around Bogor differ in shape and text style from other Indonesian prasasti and are among the main attractions of the city.[2] From the 9th-15th centuries, the capital moved between Pakuan and other cities of the kingdom, and finally returned to Pakuan by King Siliwangi (Sri Baduga Maharaja) on 3 June 1482 – the day of his coronation. Since 1973, this date is celebrated in Bogor as an official city holiday.[11][12] In 1579, Pakuan was captured and almost completely destroyed by the army of the Sultanate of Banten,[13][14] causing the existence of the State of Sunda to cease. The city was abandoned and remained uninhabited for decades.[5][11] [edit] Colonial period[edit] Dutch East India CompanyIn the second half of the 17th century, the abandoned Pakuan as with most of West Java, while formally remaining under the Sultanate of Banten, gradually passed under the control of the Dutch East India Company (VOC). The formal transition occurred on 17 April 1684 with a signed agreement between the Crown Prince of Banten and the VOC. The first, and temporal, colonial settlement at Pakuan was a camp of lieutenant Tanoejiwa, a Sundanese employed by the VOC who was sent in 1687 to develop the area.[7][15][16] It was seriously damaged by the eruption on 4–5 January 1699 of the Mount Salak volcano. However, the concomitant forest fires removed much forest, leaving much area for the planned rice and coffee plantations.[7] In a short time, several agricultural settlements appeared around Pakuan, the largest being Kampung Baru (lit. "new village").[2] In 1701, they were combined into an administrative district; Tanoejiwa was chosen as the head of the district and is regarded as the founder of the modern Bogor Regency.[15][16] The district was further developed during the 1703 Dutch mission headed by the Inspector General of the VOC Abraham van Riebeeck (the son of the founder of Cape Town Jan van Riebeeck and later Governor of Dutch East Indies).[7][15] The expedition of van Riebeeck performed a detailed study of the Pakuan ruins, discovered and described many archaeological artifacts, including prasasti, and erected buildings for the VOC employees.[16] The area attracted the Dutch by a favorable geographical position and mild climate, preferred over the hot Batavia which was then the administrative center of the Dutch East Indies.[16] In 1744–1745, the residence of the Governor-General was built in Pakuan which was hosting the government during the summer.[16]
The city grew rapidly in the late 18th – early 19th centuries.[16] This growth was partly stimulated by the temporary occupation of the Dutch East Indies by the United Kingdom in 1811–1815 – the British landed on Java and other Sunda Islands to prevent their capture by Napoleonic France which then conquered the Netherlands. The head of the British administration Stamford Raffles moved the administrative center from Batavia to Buitenzorg and implemented new and more efficient management techniques.[16][21] [edit] Rule of the Kingdom of the NetherlandsAfter Buitenzorg was returned to the Dutch, it fell under the rule of the Kingdom of the Netherlands rather than VOC. The Buitenzorg Palace was reinstated as the summer residence of the Governor-General. The surrounding territory was also organized into a new Residency, the Buitenzorg Residency. A botanical garden was set up nearby in 1817, which was one of the world's largest gardens in the 19th century.[16][17][22]
In 1860–1880, the largest agricultural school in the colony was established in Buitenzorg. Other scientific institutions including a city library, natural science museum, biology, chemistry, and veterinary medicine laboratories were also constructed during this period. During this time, in 1867, the Buitenzorg Residency was downgraded from a full Residency to an Assistant Residency. By the end of the 19th century, Buitenzorg became one of the most developed and westernized cities in Indonesia.[7][16]
In 1904, Buitenzorg formally became the administrative center of the Dutch East Indies. However, real management remained in Batavia, which hosted most of the administrative offices and the main office of the governor.[2][17] This status was revoked in the administrative reform of 1924, which divided the colony into provinces and made Buitenzorg seat of the new Buitenzorg Residency and center of West Java Province.[2] [edit] 1942–1950During World War II, Buitenzorg and the entire territory of the Dutch East Indies were occupied by Japanese forces; the occupation lasted from 6 March 1942 until the summer of 1945.[24] As part of the efforts by the Japanese to promote nationalist (and thus anti-Dutch) sentiments among the local population the city was given the Indonesian name Bogor.[22] The city had one of the major training centres of the Indonesian militia PETA (Pembela Tanah Air – "Defenders of the Motherland").[25] On 17 August 1945, Sukarno and Hatta proclaimed independence, but the Dutch regained control of the town and adjoining areas. In February 1948, Buitenzorg was included in the quasi-independent state of West Java, which was renamed Pasundan in April 1948. This state was established by the Netherlands as a step to transform their former colonial possessions in the East Indies into a dependent federation.[26][27] In December 1949, Pasundan joined the Republic of the United States of Indonesia (RIS) established at the Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference of 23 August2 November 1949.[27][28] In February 1950, as a result of defeat of Pasundan in a quick military conflict with the Republic of Indonesia, the city became part of Indonesia, as formalized in August 1950,[27][28] and its name was officially declared as Bogor.[11][29] [edit] As part of IndonesiaAs part of independent modern Indonesia, Bogor has a significant role in the cultural, scientific, and economic development of the country and West Java in particular – in part due to the legacy of infrastructure built during the colonial period. Its special position was further reinforced by the transformation of the former summer residence of the governor-general into the summer palace of the President of Indonesia.[7][30] In the 1990s–2000s, the city regularly hosted various international events, such as ministry-level meetings of the Asia-Pacific institutions[31] and the APEC summit of 15 November 1994.[32] Since 2008, a Christian church congregation in Bogor has been embroiled in conflict with Islamic fundamentalists over the building permit for their new church. [edit] Research Tips
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