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Robert Callender, 'Fur Trader'
- Robert Callender, 'Fur Trader'1726 - 1776
Facts and Events
Colonel Robert Callender
- Bates, Samuel Penniman; Fraise, Richard Jacob. History of Franklin County, Pennsylvania. Publisher Warner, Beers & Co. Chicago, 1887.
- Page 505 - Chapter 20 – Borough of Mercerburg – Early Traffic – It was nothing uncommon at that time to see from fifty to one hundered pack-horses in a row, laden with salt, iron and other commodities for the Monongahela, Pennsylvania country. Sometimes dishonest and unscrupulous people surreptitiously took goods which, falling into the hands of the Indians, were injurious to the settlers. This led to the practice of inspecting, military-like, whatever these tradesmen carried. Justice William Smith was one of these inspectors.
- Page 506 – (Taken from) Pritts, Joeseph. Incidents Of Border Life... Published by Author, Chambersburg, Pa. 1841
- “In the life and travels of Colonel James Smith, an interesting incident, having some relation to this place, is mentioned. The King’s Royal Proclamation of 1763 was then circulated, prohibiting any person from trading with the Indians until further orders.
- “Notwithstanding all this, about the 1st of March, 1765, a number of wagons loaded with Indian goods and warlike stores were sent from Philadelphia to Henry Pollen’s, Conococheague, and from thence seventy pack-horses were loaded with goods in order to be carried to Fort Pitt. This alarmed the country, and Mr. William Duffield raised about fifty armed men, and met the pack-horses at the place where Mercersburg now stands. Mr. Duffield desired the employers to store up their goods and not proceed until further orders. They made light of this, and went over the North Mountain, where they lodged in a small valley called the Great Cove. Mr. Duffield and his party followed after, and came to their lodging, and again urged them to store up their goods; he reasoned with them on the impropriety of their proceedings, and the great danger the frontier inhabitants would be exposed to if the Indians now should get a supply; he said it was well known that they had scarcely any ammunition, and were almost naked; to supply them now would be a kind of murder, and would be illegally trading at the expense of the blood and treasure of the frontiers. Notwithstanding his powerful reasonings these traders made game of what he said, and would only answer him by ludicrous burlesque.
- “When I beheld this and found that Mr. Duffield would not compel them to store up their goods, I collected ten of my old warriors that I had formerly disciplined in the Indian way, went off privately after night, and encamped in the woods. The next day Smith and his men brought the traders to their own terms, prevented them from carrying the goods to their place of distination.”
- 06 March 1765, James Smith, leader of the Black Boys, stopped a pack train led by Robert Callender of the Baynton, Wharton, and Morgan Co., and burned illegal goods, including rum and gunpowder, that British official George Croghan was trying to trade to the Native Americans. The British authorities, however, sided with Croghan.
- Alvord, Clarence Walworth, The New Régime, 1765-1767, Vol. 11, Page 162, 163, 164, Illinois State Historical Library, 1916.
- 02 March 1766 - PENNSBOROUGH - Letter from Robert Callender to Messr Baynton, Wharton, and Morgan.
- "Gentlemen, Since my return home, I have been informed by sundry persons, that the rascally part of the Inhabitants of Conegocheage are determined, and now laying a plan, to do you some piece of injury, by either stopping or destroying some part of your last Cargo that yet remains with the Carriers in that Neighborhood, on account of Justice Smith's [nee Justice William Smith, brother-in-law of James Smith] discharge from the Magistracy, for which they entirely blame your House, thinking that it is you alone have excited the Governor to do it. As you have already experienced so much of their Villainy, they are not to be trusted farther than seen, and therefore I have advised Irwin to go immediately up to that Neighborhood, and stop the proceedings of the Carriers till there is some methods fixed upon for the safe Conveyance of these Goods, now in their Charge, least the Devil should tempt them to commit some Outrage of that kind, which I have great reason to believe they will. Sincerely, Robert Callender"
- From Chalkley’s Augusta County Records:
- 30 Dec 1772 Order to Pay Samuel Semple - Order (Logstown, Pa., 1772 Dec. 30) instructing Robert Callender to pay Samuel Sample twenty pounds, and letter (Fort Pitt, 1781 Sep. 7) to an unknown addressee regarding the supply of provisions to Fort Pitt.
- During the French and Indian War of 1775, he commanded a company of Rangers and held a captain's commission. I am not certain that he was with Braddock's army, but I presume he was not. He was well educated and highly esteemed by every one.
- He commenced to trade with the Indians at an early day. He was a part of William Trent and the Bloody Run affair, and was one of the 23 sufferers.
- Some of these old Indian traders belonged to the Church of England, and through many years of friendship with Sir William Johnson, the British Indian Agent in America, who had unbounded influence with the Six Nations of Indians, and his son, Sir John, who succeeded him and became a prominent Tory; no wonder a few of them went with the Indians against the Colonies during the Revolutionary War.
- Many of them, however, although well advanced in years, took up arms against the tyranny of Great Britain.
- In 1774, Robert Callender was appointed Colonel for Cumberland County, and also served on some of the most important committees.
- Nevin, Alfred. Centennial biography: Men of mark of Cumberland Valley, Pa., 1776-1876 (1876)
- Page 42 – Meeting At Carlisle – 7. That the committee consist of the following persons, viz: James Wilson, John Armstrong, John Montgomery, William Irvine, Robert Callender, William Thompson, John Calhoun, Jonathan Hoge, Robert Magaw, Ephraim Blane, John Allison, John Harris and Robert Miller, or any five of them. (12 Jul 1774)
Records in Carlisle, Pennsylvania
- SILVER SPRING TAVERN - Oliver Pollock Tavern - Location - 6395 Carlisle Pike - Tavern - Standing - 2-story stone - :Built 1797 - Tavernkeepers were John McCurdy 1771-1776, David Briggs 1796-1804.
- History - The original tavern burned in November 1796. The new tavern 40’ by 33’ was built by Oliver Pollock before 1798.
- Robert Callender, the original landowner on which Silver Spring Tavern is built, died in 1776. The executors wrote in the Pennsylvania Gazette dated 2 Oct 1776,
- "TO BE SOLD - 1,200 acres of excellent limestone land situated in East Pennsborough Twp. on great road leading from Harris Ferry to said town of Carlisle whereon are erected and built an excellent merchant mill and sawmill adjacent... now in tenure of Mr. Francis Silver, on a never failing stream of water known by name of Silver Spring. Oliver Pollock purchased the property.
- Reverend Manasseh Cutler traveling to the Northwest Territory stopped at the tavern. He was the founder of Marietta, Ohio. He says "We went 7 miles from the Susquehanna River to Pollock’s Tavern. A fat Irishman gave us a grand dinner, but one horse fared badly; intolerably dear."
- During David Brigg’s tenure as tavernkeeper, a disastrous fire occurred. It was reported in the 11 Nov 1796 edition of Klines - "CONFLAGRATION - the Silver Spring Tavern, property of Oliver Pollock, Esq., which was kept by Mr. Briggs, took fire and was consumed. Charles Smith, Esq., one of the lodgers and in adjoining room went where several Indian chiefs lodged who joined him in the cry to the other lodgers."
- SAMPLE, Samuel on the 01 Aug 1766 applied for 300 acres of land on the Little Juniata, adjoining land applied for by Joseph Silver of Carlisle, Pennsylvania. Francis Silver applied for the land in Carlisle, Pennsylvania on Apr 1, 1766.
- Samuel Semple Sr., also operated a Tavern in Carlisle, before he and his son Samuel Semple Jr., began operating the Tavern at Fort Pitt.
- Discussions of speculator James Silvers' land purchases in now-Cumberland County c.1735 dismiss warrants to Joseph Silver as a "straw man," that is, Joseph was not a brother but a front for additional warranting by James himself. But it should be noted that one of the George Brandons, possibly this Joseph Silver's father-in-law, was at a vendue in the Silver's Spring area in 1739 and that Presbyterians from York County travelled to Silver's Spring for church until the Monaghan congregation at Dillsburg was given the go-ahead in 1760.
- Schaumann, Merri Lou Scribner. Taverns of Cumberland County Pennsylvania 1750-1840. (Lewisberry, Pennsylvania: Cumberland County Historical Society, 1994).
- Samuel Semple Jr. also operated a Tavern in Carlisle, before operating the Tavern at Fort Pitt.
- 30 Dec 1772 Order to Pay Samuel Semple, Jr. - Order (Logstown, Pa., 1772 Dec. 30) instructing Robert Callender to pay Samuel Sample Jr. twenty pounds, and letter (Fort Pitt, 1781 Sep. 7) to an unknown addressee regarding the supply of provisions to Fort Pitt.
- CALENDER, ROBERT, Middlesex, Middleton.
- July 26, 1776 4 November 1776.
- Wife Frances.
- Only son Robert, minor.
- Lands on the Juniata River.
- Messrs. West and John Nixon of City of Philadelphia, merchants.
- Alexander Lowry of Donegal, Lancaster Co.
- William Chestnut.
- Lands "now called Indiana."
- Lands in Florida, near the Natchez, to be divided equally between all
- children, some under age.
- Directs to be buried "in burying ground at Carlisle, ... near place
- where I buried my former wife."
- Exs: wife Frances Calendar, sons-in-law, William Niel of Baltimore,
- merchant and Dr. William Irvine of Carlisle and bro.-in-law Mathew
- Slough, Esq. of the borough of Lancaster.
- Wit: John Holmes, John Semple, Ephm. Blaine, Jas. Irwin.
- Codicil names mother-in-law, Mrs. Martha Gibson; sisters-in-law
- Jane and Ann Gibson and mother-in-law, Mrs. Elizabeth Jervis.
Land in Mississippi and Louisiana
- Mississippi: Comprising Sketches of Towns, Events, Institutions ..., Volume 2. edited by Dunbar Rowland. Southern Historical Publishing Association 1907, Page 38.
- Robert Callender's heirs, 2,000 at Loftus cliffs, Mississippi grantee of John Biommert, 2,000.
- Exercises in commemoration of the one hundred and seventy-fifth anniversary of the Silver Spring Presbyterian Church, Cumberland County, Pennsylvania ; Thursday, August 1909, 2.00 P.M (1909), Page 36.
- Robert Callender also was a great land owner. In 1770 his assessments in Cumberland and Bedford counties, and in the Juniata Valley, aggregated 3,300 acres. He also at the same time owned a tract of two thousand acres lying on the east side of the Mississippi river below Natchez, in what is now the State of Mississippi, but at the time he acquired the land was yet in the Province of West Florida.
- Folder Title: "Copy of a deed for 2000 acres below Natchez, Mississippi, granted to Robert Callender by King George III"
- Date: 1768
- Box: FF 4
- Folder:
- Folder Title: "Survey of Robert Callender's land below Natchez"
- Date: 1768
- Box: FF 5
- Folder:
- Folder Title: "Will of Robert Callender"
- Date: 26 Jul 1776
- Box: 11
- Folder: 1
- Folder Title: "Letter from [Robert?] Callender"
- Date: 18 Jun 1801
- Box: 11
- Folder: 16
- Folder Title: "Letter from Robert Callender"
- Date: 1801
- Box: FF 11
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Col. Robert Callender, in Find A Grave.
- Tousey, Thomas Grant. Military history of Carlisle and Carlisle Barracks. (Richmond: Dietz Press, 1939)
Pages 73, 74., 1939.
Section II. Revolutionary War period - It was also found that secret agents of the English Army were going about from place to place, wherever English prisoners were confined, and were contacting those on parole to the detriment of the public cause. An English officer confined at Carlisle, with whom these agents were often see, was Captain Peacocks. Three of these agents, Samuel Semple, John Morgan and John Waters were arrested in Carlisle and searched. No incriminating papers were found on any of them but other matters of importance were learned, among which was that a tavern about ten miles east of Carlisle (Dillsburg) operated by one, Colonel Callender, was a rendezvous for these enemy agents.
- Adaline Bream Spindler, Albert K. Hostetter, Alfred Lawrence Kocher, David Francis Magee, M. G. Weaver, Matthias Slough, Thomas Barton, William Frederic Worner, David H. Landis, Edwin Augustus Atlee, Frank Ried Diffenderffer, Henry Frank Eshleman, Hiram Herr Shenk, Charles Israel Landis, Herbert Huebener Beck, John H. Landis, John Strohm. Lancaster County Historical Society. (Lancaster, Pennsylvania: The New Era Printing Company, 1919)
Vol. 23., Page 180, 181.
Lancaster County Historical Society, Vol. 23 - Lancaster, PA. - 1919 - Page 180 - At Bloody Run, Captain Trent and twenty-two other traders were attacked by the Indians, and their goods were taken or destroyed. The trading house was also destroyed, and he was totally ruined. He fled to Fort Pitt for safety, and was there employed iu military duties by Captain S. Ecuyer, the Commandant of that post.
A treaty was made with the Indians at Fort Stanwix in 1768. The Indians at that time made a conveyance of a large tract of land between the Kanawha and the Monongahela Rivers, about two-thirds of what is now the State of West Virginia, as compensation for these depredations. This deed was made to Captain Trent, as attorney in fact for himself and his twenty-two associate traders, who had. in 1763, suffered loss. The names of the beneficiaries, outside of Trent, were: Robert Callender, David Franks, Joseph Simon, Levy Andrew Levy, Philip Boyle, John Baynton, Samuel Wharton, George Morgan, Joseph Spear, Thomas Smallman. John Welch, Edward Moran. Evan Shelby, Samuel Postlethwait, John Gibson. Richard Winston, Dennis Crohon. William Thompson, Abraham Mitchell, James Dundas. Thomas Dundas. John Ormsby. The amount claimed by Franks. Trent, Simons & Co., was £24,780, 1 s. 8 p. The deed given by the Indians was in Independence Hall, in the City of Philadelphia, and probably yet remains there.
At a meeting held by the grantees of these lands, the following measures were agreed upon:
"In consideration of the great losses and damages amounting to £85,916, 10 s. 8 d. lawful money of New York sustained by sundry traders in the Spring of the year 1763, when the Shawanese, Delewares and Huron Tribes of Indians, Tributories of the Six Nations, seized upon and appropriated the Goods, Merchandize and effects of the Traders, The Sachems and Chiefs of the Six Nations, meeting at Fort Stanwix on Nov. 3, 1768. granted unto the said Traders:
"All that Tract or parcel of Land, Beginning at the Southerly side of the South of little Kenhawa River, where it empties itself into the River Ohio, and running from thence North East to the Laurel Hill, thence along the Laurel Hill until it strikes the River Monongehela, thence down the stream of the said River Monongehela, according to the several courses thereof, to the Southern Boundary Line of the Province of Pennsylvania. Thence westerly along the course of the said Province Boundary Line as far as the same shall extend, and from thence by the same course to the River Ohio, according to the several courses thereof, to the place of Beginning.
"And whereas, we understand there are numbers of Families settled on the said Lands. We do hereby give notice that they may be assured of peaceable possession on complying with the Terms of our general Land Office, which will shortly be opened for the sale of the said Lands in behalf of all the grantees, and that the purchase will be made easy."
- History of Cumberland and Adams counties, Pennsylvania: containing history of the counties, their townships, towns, villages, schools, churches, industries, etc., portraits of early settlers and prominent men, biographies, history of Pennsylvania, statistical and miscellaneous matter, etc., etc. (Chigaco: Warner Beers, 1886)
Page 306.
Page 306 - Middlesex, situated at the confluence of the Letort and the Conodoguinet, is one of the oldest settlements in the county. The name "Middlessex" was originally given to a tract of land containing about 560 acres, located at the mouth of the Letort Spring, and afterward to the village which was built partly upon it. Some of the first buildings erected - several dwelling houses, a grist-mill, saw-mill, fulling-mill and distillery - were on this tract. Others were built near it. All these, with the exception of the fulling-mill, were built prior to 1757; most, if not all of them, by John Chambers, Sr., the owner of the tract at that time.
Later, from the Chambers family, the Middlesex estate came into the possession of Capt. Robert Callender, one of the largest fur traders in Pennsylvania. He held a captain's commission in the French and Indian war; was a colonel during the Revolution; distinguished himself, it said, at Braddock's defeat; and was a liberal contributor to all the then improvements in Carlisle, a man well educated and highly esteemed. He was one of the justices of Cumberland County in 1764. He commened to trade with the Indians at an early day, and built the large flouring-mill at the mouth of Letort Run, now Middlesex. In 1774 he was apponted colonel for Cumberland County; died in 1776, and is buried in the old grave-yard at Carlisle. Capt. Rober Callender married, first, a daughter of Nicholas Scull, surveyor-general of Pennsylvania from 1748 to 1759. His daughter Anne, by this wife, married General William Irvine of Revolutionary fame. His second wife was a sister of Colonel Gibson, the father of Chief Justice John Bannister Gibson, by whom he also had a number of children.
In 1791 the Middlesex estate was purchased at sherif's sale by Colonel Ephriam Blaine, from whom it passed to his son, by whom it was conveyed (1818) to James Hamilton, Esq., and afterward (1831) to Honerable Charles B. Penrose, who erected the paper-mill there in about 1850.
- Jean Bonnet Tavern, in Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia.
- Newberry Library.
Institution: Newberry Library [non-circulating]
Author: Gibson, John, 1740-1822.
Title: Letter and payment order [manuscript] 1772-1781.
Physical Description:
2 items (1 folder) ; 33 cm. or smaller
Summary: Order (Logstown, Pa., 1772 Dec. 30) instructing Robert Callender to pay Samuel Sample twenty pounds, and letter
(Fort Pitt, 1781 Sep. 7) to an unknown addressee
regarding the supply of provisions to Fort Pitt.
Subject (LCSH): Callender, Robert.
Gibson, John, 1740-1822.
Manuscripts, American--Pennsylvania--Fort Pitt.
Manuscripts, American--Pennsylvania--Logstown.
Fort Pitt (Pa.)--History--18th century--Sources.
United States--History--Revolution, 1775-1783--Equipment
and supplies--Sources.
Subject (Other): Pennsylvania Fort Pitt 1781 Manuscripts.
Pennsylvania Logstown 1772 Manuscripts.
Genre/Form: Correspondence--Pennsylvania--Fort Pitt--1781.
Orders--Pennsylvania--Logstown--1782.
Other Name: Callender, Robert.
Edward E. Ayer Manuscript Collection (Newberry Library)
Newberry Library. Manuscript. Ayer MS 322.
Biographical/Historical Note:
Soldier and Indian trader on the Pennsylvania frontier,
1758-1782; post-Revolutionary War Alleghany County, Pa.,
judge and militia officer; and secretary of the Indiana
Territory, 1800-1816. From 1781-1782, Gibson was
commanding officer at Fort Pitt.
References: Butler, R.L. Checklist of mss. in the Ayer Coll., 322-323
Notes: Forms part of the Edward E. Ayer Manuscript Collection
(Newberry Library)
1781 Sept. 7 letter formerly known as Ayer MS 323.
For more information, consult the Special Collections Info.
File.
Ayer, Edward E.; gift; 1911.
______________________________
Institution: Newberry Library [non-circulating]
Location: Special Collections 4th floor
Call Number: VAULT box Ayer MS 322
Copy: 1
Status: Available
- Silver Spring Presbyterian Church (Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania). Exercises in commemoration of the one hundred and seventy-fifth anniversary of the Silver Spring Presbyterian Church, Cumberland County, Pennsylvania, Thursday, August 5, 1909. (Sanford, North Carolina: Microfilming Corp. of America, 1982)
Page 35, 36.
Page 35 - Edward Ward, the ensign who surrendered the fort at the forks of the Ohio is mentioned in a history of the Silver Spring Presbyterian Church, near Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania. When Trent's company disbanded at Wills Creek, Ward also returned to his home, but only for a brief period. In the spring of 1756 he was again in the service of the Province, this time as captain under Lieut.-Colonel John Armstrong. Robert Callender, of Silver Spring, Rev. John Steel, Hugh Mercer, John Potter, Hance Hamilton and Joseph Armstrong were also captains in the same battalion… Capt. Ward was with Armstrong in his memorable expedition against Kittanning, and accounts agree that his company suffered severely in the attack upon that Indian stronghold…
Page 35 – In July, 1756, Fort Granville was garrisoned by Capt. Edward Ward's company…
Page 36 - Edward Ward continued in the military service of the Province while soldiers were needed, which then was all the time. Through the years of 1757 and 1758 his company was stationed to the westward of the Susquehanna, at the forts which were scattered along the edge of the frontier, rendering the terrified and distressed inhabitants what protection they could. In the fall of 1758 he joined Forbes Expedition against Fort Duquesne, and when possession was taken of its abandoned ruins he was privileged to stand in triumph on the very spot where in April, 1754, he had been humiliated in defeat…
Edward Ward dealt extensively in lands and in 1769 was assessed with nearly 6,000 acres within the present bounds of Bedford County; also a large tract in the Juniata Valley. He lived longer at Carlisle, Pennsylvania than at any other place, but in 1767 he settled in Allen township, and on the Cedar Run, where now is the village of Eberly’s Mills, built the first mills that were erected in the eastern end of Cumberland county. There he continued until 1771 when his name disappears from the records, and of his subsequent history nothing is known.
(Note: Besides Hannah Sample, he married a Silver. Possibly a daughter of James Silver, the pioneer of the Silver Spring Presbyterian Church.)
- Schaumann, Merri Lou Scribner. Taverns of Cumberland County Pennsylvania 1750-1840. (Lewisberry, Pennsylvania: Cumberland County Historical Society, 1994).
- Alvord, Clarence Walworth, and Clarence Edwin Carter. The New Régime 1765-1767. (Salt Lake City, Utah: Genealogical Society of Utah, 1987)
Vol. 11, Page 162, 163, 164.
Gentlemen,
"Since my return home, I have been informed by sundry persons, that the rascally part of the Inhabitants of Conegocheage are determined, and now laying a plan, to do you some piece of injury, by either stopping or destroying some part of your last Cargo that yet remains with the Carriers in that Neighborhood, on account of Justice Smith's discharge from the Magistracy, for which they entirely blame your House, thinking that it is you alone have excited the Governor to do it. As you have already experienced so much of their Villainy, they are not to be trusted farther than seen, and therefore I have advised Irwin to go immediately up to that Neighborhood, and stop the proceedings of the Carriers till there is some methods fixed upon for the safe Conveyance of these Goods, now in their Charge, least the Devil should tempt them to commit some Outrage of that kind, which I have great reason to believe they will."
Sincerely, Robert Callender
- Bates, Samuel Penniman; Fraise, Richard Jacob. History of Franklin County, Pennsylvania: containing a history of the county, its townships, towns, villages, schools, churches, industries, etc., portraits of early settlers and prominents men, biographies, history of Pennsylvania, statistical and miscellaneous matter, etc., etc. (Chicago, Illinois: Warner, Beers & Co., 1887).
Page 505 - Chapter 20 – Borough of Mercerburg – Early Traffic – It was nothing uncommon at that time to see from fifty to one hundered pack-horses in a row, laden with salt, iron and other commodities for the Monongahela country. Sometimes dishonest and unscrupulous people surreptitiously took goods which, falling into the hands of the Indians, were injurious to the settlers. This led to the practice of inspecting, military-like, whatever these tradesmen carried. Justice William Smith was one of these inspectors.
Page 506 – Incidents of Border Life, etc.,
“In the life and travels of Colonel James Smith, an interesting incident, having some relation to this place, is mentioned. The King’s proclamation was then circulated, prohibiting any person from trading with the Indians until further orders.
“Notwithstanding all this, about the 1st of March, 1765, a number of wagons loaded with Indian goods and warlike stores were sent from Philadelphia to Henry Pollen’s, Conococheague, and from thence seventy pack-horses were loaded with goods in order to be carried to Fort Pitt. This alarmed the country, and Mr. William Duffield raised about fifty armed men, and met the pack-horses at the place where Mercersburg now stands. Mr. Duffield desired the employers to store up their goods and not proceed until further orders. They made light of this, and went over the North Mountain, where they lodged in a small valley called the Great Cove. Mr. Duffield and his party followed after, and came to their lodging, and again urged them to store up their goods; he reasoned with them on the impropriety of their proceedings, and the great danger the frontier inhabitants would be exposed to if the Indians now should get a supply; he said it was well known that they had scarcely any ammunition, and were almost naked; to supply them now would be a kind of murder, and would be illegally trading at the expense of the blood and treasure of the frontiers. Notwithstanding his powerful reasonings these traders made game of what he said, and would only answer him by ludicrous burlesque.
“When I beheld this and found that Mr. Duffield would not compel them to store up their goods, I collected ten of my old warriors that I had formerly disciplined in the Indian way, went off privately after night, and encamped in the woods. The next day Smith and his men brought the traders to their own terms, prevented them from carrying the goods to their place of distination.”
- Nevin, Alfred. Centennial biography : men of mark of Cumberland Valley, Pa., 1776-1876. (Philadelphia: Fulton Pub. Co., 1876).
Page 42 – Meeting At Carlisle – 7. That the committee consist of the following persons, viz: James Wilson, John Armstrong, John Montgomery, William Irvine, Robert Callender, William Thompson, John Callhoun, Jonathan Hoge, Robert Magaw, Ephraim Blane, John Allison, John Harris and Robert Miller, or any five of them.
- The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography. (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Historical Society of Pennsylvania)
Vol. 129, Pages 133-162, April 2005.
Ridner, Judith A. "Relying on the 'Very Saucy' Men of the Backcountry: Middlemen and the Fur Trade in Pennsylvania," Pennsylvania Historical Association Annual Conference, University of Pittsburgh, Johnstown (Fall 2001).
Appeared in a Peer Reviewed Article – “Relying on the 'Saucy' Men of the Backcountry: Middlemen and the Fur Trade in Pennsylvania" The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography (April 2005): 133-162.
Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography vol. 129, no. 2, April 2005 > Ridner
- Taverns of Silver Spring Township
http://silverspringlpc.wikispaces.com/file/view/TAVERNS+OF+SILVER+SPRING+TOWNSHIP.doc
Source - Silver Spring Township Conservation and Preservation Committee
http://silverspringlpc.wikispaces.com/
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