Person:Black Hoof (1)

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Catecahassa or Black Hoof (c. 1740-1831) was the head civil chief of the Shawnee Indians in the Ohio Country of what became the United States. A member of the Mekoche division of the Shawnees, Black Hoof became known as a fierce warrior during the early wars between the Shawnee and encroaching American settlers. Black Hoof claimed to have been present at the Battle of the Monongahela in 1755, when General Edward Braddock was defeated during the French and Indian War, although there is no contemporary evidence that Shawnees took part in that battle.

Little documentary evidence of Black Hoof's life appears in the historical record before 1795. As a child he may have been a member of a wandering band of some 400 Shawnees led by Peter Chartier between 1745 and 1748, who founded the community in Kentucky called Eskippakithiki and later moved to Sylacauga, Alabama, eventually settling in Old Shawneetown, Illinois. He probably took part in the Battle of Point Pleasant during Lord Dunmore's War against the Virginia militia in 1774. During the American Revolutionary War, he may have taken part in the siege of Boonesborough in 1778, which was led by Chief Blackfish, as well as the subsequent defense of the Shawnee village of Chillicothe in 1779. In the Northwest Indian War, Black Hoof was defeated by "Mad" Anthony Wayne and, following the collapse of the Indian confederation, surrendered in 1795.

Like Little Turtle of the Miamis, Black Hoof decided that American Indians needed to adapt culturally to the ways of the whites in order to prevent decimation through warfare. During his later years, Black Hoof became an ally of the United States and was responsible for keeping the majority of the Shawnee nation from joining Tecumseh's War, which became part of the War of 1812.

Black Hoof resisted the policy of Indian removal that the United States implemented soon after the War of 1812. He never signed a removal treaty, and continued to lead his tribe until his death in Saint Johns, Ohio in 1831. After his death, the Shawnee were eventually compelled to emigrate to the West.

1. ↑ ^{1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4} .

   https://armstrongmuseum.org/plan-your-visit/explore accessed 31 Jul 2019
   Blackhoof Memorial
   
   U.S. 33 at State Route 65, St. Johns
   5 miles east of Wapakoneta , OH
   Open Daylight Hours
   
   The monument honoring Chief Black Hoof was erected at the St. Johns Cemetery in 1976.

2. ↑ ^{2.0 2.1 2.2} .

   Chief Black Hoof
   Birth: 1722
   Death: Sep 1831 (aged 108–109)
   Burial: Saint Johns Cemetery, Wapakoneta, Auglaize County, Ohio, USA
   Memorial #: 27651298
   Bio: The momument reads:"Nearby sleeps Chief (Blackhoof) Catahecassa, last principle chief of the Shawnees prior to their removal to Kansas in 1832. This was Blackhoof's town where he lived and died in Sept. 1831, at the age of 109. He fought with the French against Braddock at Ft. Pitt in 1755, opposed Col. Lewis at the Battle of Point Pleasant in 1774, served under British Capt. Bird in 1780. He lead his people against the campaigns of Harmer 1790, Saint Clair 1791, and Wayne in 1794. He signed the Greenville Treaty in 1795, and opposed the Indian confederation of Tecumseh in the War of 1812. A just and honorable man respected by both friends and enemies."
   Created by: Robert "Rob" Weller (46505507)
   Added: 18 Jun 2008
   URL: https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/27651298/chief-black_hoof
   Citation: Find A Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com : accessed 31 July 2019), memorial page for Chief Black Hoof (1722–Sep 1831), Find A Grave Memorial no. 27651298, citing Saint Johns Cemetery, Wapakoneta, Auglaize County, Ohio, USA ; Maintained by Robert "Rob" Weller (contributor 46505507) .

3.   .

   https://www.amyjohnsoncrow.com/tombstone-tuesday-chief-black-hoof/ accessed 31 Jul 2019

4. ↑ .

   http://www.chiefblackhoof.com/chief-black-hoof.html accessed 31 Jul 2019
   
   WILLIAM "RUSTY" COTTREL of Springfield, Ohio, member of Ohio/Indiana Peckuwe Shawnee (Shawnee name: Peletenucshelwa), portrays Chief Black Hoof in reenactments.

5. ↑ ^{5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3} Eastern Shawnee Tribe Newsletter Shooting Star
   p 3 , Dec 2004.

   Black Hoof Chief of the Shawnee Indians
   
   https://ohiomemory.org/digital/collection/p16007coll27/id/26667/rec/1 accessed 31 Jul 2019

6. ↑ ^6.0 6.1 The Native Tribes of Old Ohio
   p 44.

   by Helen Cox Tregillis
   https://ohiomemory.org/digital/collection/p16007coll27/id/9209/rec/8 accessed 31 Jul 2019

7. ↑ ^{7.0 7.1 7.2} Eastern Shawnee Tribe Newsletter Shooting Star
   volume 95, issue 1, page 1, Jan 1995.

   "From the Chief: History of the Eastern Shawnee"
   by George Captain
   https://ohiomemory.org/digital/collection/p16007coll27/id/26919/rec/10 accessed 31 Jul 2019

8. ↑ 'Wanderings of the Ohio Shawnees' pamphlet.

   by Fred F. Marshall.
   
   This reports that William Henry Harrison heard from Black Hoof that Black Hoof was born in a place which the description matches as Florida.
   
   https://ohiomemory.org/digital/collection/p16007coll27/id/477/rec/31 accessed 31 Jul 2019

9.   .

   Harvey, Henry, missionary to the Shawnee Indians. History of the Shawnee Indians, From the Year 1681 to 1854, Inclusive. New York: Reprint, 1971, pp 185-189 . First published in 1855.
   
   https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.$b282358&view=1up&seq=9 accessed 31 Jul 2019
   Describes the funeral events in honor of Chief Blackfoot. This author says the Chief was about 120 years old. John Perry became the chief upon Blackfoot's death.

10. ↑ ^10.0 10.1 .

    https://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Catahecassa Ohio History Connection entry on Catahecassa/Black Hoof

11. ↑ Cozzens, Peter. Tecumseh and the Prophet: The Shawnee Brothers Who Defied a Nation. (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2020).