Person:Lucius Darling (1)

THE DARLING SAGA A Chronicle of Lucius Ripley Darling and His Descendents Compiled and partially written by Steven B. Lynch, Ph.D. 2006

TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 The Darling surname In New England and in Vermont Westward Migration Evidence CHAPTER 2 Lucius Ripley Darling and the Ouilmette Family; The Potawatomie Connection CHAPTER 3 Potawatomie Traders, Provisioners and Movers of Goods Lucius R. Darling, Occupations CHAPTER 4 Lucius R. Darling Family Constellations: With Elizabeth Ouilmette With Therese Hardin With Esther Sharrai CHAPTER 5 Migration West: Vermont to Michigan Michigan To Iowa Iowa To Kansas Kansas To Oklahoma CHAPTER 6 Religious History CHAPTER 7 Descendents of Lucius Ripley Darling Kansas To Washington More about Charles Nathan Darling’s line CHAPTER 8 Citizen Potawatomi Nation Today ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

CHAPTER 1 Darlings in the Census of 1790 In the book, The Darling Family in America, Early Settlers Prior to 1800, published by William M. Clemens in New York City, New York in1913, there were 152 Darling heads of families, with 674 individual members. From these, all the Darlings in the United States of today whose family history goes back to the American colonial period are descended. The first census of the United States was taken in 1790. It comprised an enumeration of the heads of families, with a number of members of each family in the present states of Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Rhode Island, Tennessee, Vermont and Virginia. At the time the census was taken, the total white population in the United States was 3,172,444 and the heads of families enumerated was 410,636. The heads of the enumerated families were practically the founders of the Republic. The census records indicate that Lucius Ripley Darling reported that he came from Vermont. The census reported 13 families with the name Darling lived in the state of Vermont the year the 1790 census was taken. No one knows if his middle name, Ripley, was a random name choice, but it is more than likely his mother’s maiden name. This was a common practice in families of English descent, especially in the first-born male of a family. There are several counties in Vermont where the Darling and Ripley surnames occur together, most notably Chittenden County. It is only an educated guess that Lucius’ came from one of these counties. The name, “Lucius Darling”, appeared in later Vermont censuses, confirming it was family name in use in this area during this period.

In the 1820's or early 1830's, Catherine and her family must have traveled through the Lakes to Detroit and then across the Great Sauk Trail to the St. Joseph River region, near the present day town of Niles, Michigan.

In the book, History of Chicago from the Earliest Period to the Present Time in three volumes by A. T. Andreas, (Chicago: A. T. Andreas, 1884) there is a passage that may explain how Lucius may have traveled to the Chicago area at this early time. Andreas provides an account of how in the year of 1836. A Mr. Patterson and his wife and five children and six other families left their homes in Vermont to make new ones in either Illinois or Wisconsin. They made the journey in covered wagons or “prairie schooners” to where Winnetka, Illinois is now located. One of the men who helped Mr. Patterson raise a house in this area was Alexander McDaniel who was also seeking a homestead. Mr. McDaniel settled in temporary quarters he called a “bachelor’s hall.” Later, McDaniel proceeded about two miles north to the Winnetka area. There in 1837, on his claim of 160 acres, he built a permanent house. This was in the place called Gross Point. This is where he first met the entire Ouilmette family. He reported that he had occasion to become very well acquainted with his Indian friends and found them most agreeable neighbors. The Patterson trek illustrates that other settlers from Vermont used a common migration path to this area from the New England States. It leads one to consider the possibility that this is how Lucius came to this location and how he first met the Ouilmettes as well.

CHAPTER 2 It is important to know about the Ouilmette family to understand how the story of Lucius’ life unfolded. By the early nineteenth century, many fur trade families had gathered in their own communities, including Chicago, Green Bay, St. Louis, Mackinac, Prairie du Chien, and Detroit. In these towns, Indian women, European men, and their Métis children created a culture that combined elements of Native American and European traditions in their values, language, domestic economy, music and other art forms, dress, marriage and kinship patterns, business practices, and foodways. This locally produced culture together with the communities and the people who lived there are sometimes referred to as “Creole” (a term with a meaning different from that used in Louisiana). They maintained close contact with nearby Native American tribes, based on friendship, kinship, and trade relations. Most of the residents of these communities were Roman Catholic. Numerous biracial fur trade families, including Métis, Indian, and Euro-American members, were among the first families of Chicago. Between the 1790s and 1812, Billy Caldwell, Alexander Robinson, and members of the Beaubien, Ouilmette, Chevalier, Bourassa, Mirandeau, and LaFramboise families established Chicago as a fur trade center along with the Anglo Kinzie family and the African American, Jean Baptiste Point DuSable. After the War of 1812, however, English-speaking settlers from the eastern United States began to migrate into northern Illinois, and by the 1830s, this stream of migration increased to the point where the old French-speaking Métis and other Creole residents became a minority in their own town. The fur trade declined, as Indian tribes were removed west of the Mississippi. The Ouilmette Family To say the Ouilmettes were Indians gives an unclear picture. The family lived in comparable situation and condition as any of the settlers in the area at the time. They spoke French, English and the local Indian dialect. Frank Hill, an old-time Chicago resident, knew Ouilmette. “As I remember him, he was a small man, very old looking, wore a little turbine, dressed as much like an Indian as he could, acted as much like an Indian as he could, ate anything that an Indian would eat, as much as possible -- and that was quite possible at the time -- and he had a nice little pair of ponies.” Like her husband, Archange’s father was a Frenchman and her children appeared to be European. Archange and Antoine had eight biological children and one adopted child: Joseph, who moved to former Marlton County, Wisconsin to farm in the 1840s Josette Louis, or Lewis Michel, also known as Michael or Mitchell, served in the Black Hawk War in the Chicago Militia and ran a small trading post at Grosse Pointe in the early 1830s Francis Elizabeth Archange Sophia and Archange, an adopted niece. Alexander McDaniel visited the Ouilmette farm and described the homestead in the following manner, “On the 14th of August, 1836, I left Chicago in the morning and about noon I brought up at the house of ‘Anton’ Ouilmette. The place was then called ‘Grosse Pointe,’ about fourteen miles from Chicago on the lakeshore. The house that the ‘Wilmette‘ family then occupied was a large hewed log blockhouse, considered in those days good enough for a very congressmen to live in, at least I thought so when I was dispatching the magnificent meal of vegetables grown on the rich soil, which the ladies of the house had prepared for me… The children were nearly white, very comely, well dressed and intelligent. Josette, in fact, had obtained quite a reputation as a beauty.”

It is not known exactly when Lucius Darling came to the Chicago River area. Elizabeth Ouilmette had previously married Michael P. Welch on May 11, 1830. Justice John B. Beaubien officiated. They had two children: Catherine Welch, who later married Basil Greemore and Joseph Welch, who married Mary E. Ducharme. In October 1834, Elizabeth sued for divorce. Mr. Welch later went to California, perhaps to seek his fortune in the gold fields. Lucius met and married Elizabeth Ouilmette-Welch by 1836. By this time, the Ouilmettes were well established with sizable holdings acquired after 1829. There at Grosse Pointe, Antoine Ouilmette and his relatives maintained a trading post where the road to Milwaukee left the Chicago community. The Ouilmettes owned cattle, horses, wagons, carriages and farming implements, working a large tract of land. The sons and the sons-in-laws of the Ouilmettes were all engaged in operating the holdings on the Reserve.

The Ouilmette Reserve Antoine Ouilmette, who was born near Montréal, New France in 1760, came to the Chicago area for the American Fur Company in 1790. The American Fur Company, was chartered by John Jacob Astor in 1808 to compete with the great fur-trading companies in Canada—the North West Company and the Hudson's Bay Company. His early operations around the Great Lakes were under another subsidiary, the South West Company, in which Canadian merchants had a part. The War of 1812 destroyed both companies. In 1817, after an act of Congress excluded foreign traders from U.S. territory, the American Fur Company commanded the trade in the Lakes region. An alliance made in 1821 with the Chouteau interests of St. Louis gave the company a monopoly of the trade in the Missouri River region and later in the Rocky Mountains. Antoine was an employee of John Kinzie after he left the American Fur Company. He was constantly engaged as an Indian trader, hunter and later as a farmer. In 1796 or 1797, Antoine married Archange, daughter of a Potawatomi woman and the French fur trader, Françoise Chevalier. At first, the family lived across the Chicago River from Fort Dearborn. Later, around 1829, Ouilmette and his wife, Archange Chevalier, resettled north to what was to be called The Reserve on the shore of Lake Michigan. Ouilmette had been instrumental in convincing local Indians to sign the 1829 Treaty of Prairie du Chien, which gave the federal government title to much of northern Illinois. In appreciation, the government had deeded 1,280 acres, encompassing much of present-day Wilmette and part of Evanston, to Archange and her children. The Ouilmettes rescued some of the white settlers during the Fort Dearborn massacre of 1812. After the fort’s evacuation, on August 15, the day of the massacre, the retreating party progressed south along the beach for Fort Wayne. An Indian attack killed a large number of soldiers, dependents, and civilians. Survivors were taken prisoner. Aided by friendly Indians, the Kinzie family escaped to Detroit. At the time of the Fort Dearborn massacre, Mrs. Helm, Mrs. Kinzie’s sister-in-law, was preserved from the furious savages who sought her life by the courage and coolness of Mrs. Bisson, a sister of Mrs. Ouilmette. Black Partridge disguised her as a French woman and took her to the home of Antoine Ouilmette. It was in Ouilmette's garden that William Griffith, afterward Captain William Griffith of General Harrison's "Spies" the Quartermaster at the fort, hid himself behind the currant bushes, and when discovered by the family was disguised as a Canadian voyageur and was helped to escape with the Kinzies. After the departure of the boat containing his employer's family, Ouilmette was the sole white inhabitant of Chicago. This is a true tale of the conflicts between native and European interests in the western expansion. When the Tile Treaty of 1829 was signed at Prairie Du Chien, the Ouilmettes acquired the reserve when it was ceded to Ouilmette’s wife, Archange.

ARCHANGE CHEVALIER-OUILMETTE Among other provisions of the treaty granting land for Indians, Article 4 of the treaty provided as follows:

“To Archange Ouilmette, a Potawatomi woman, wife of Antoine, two sections for herself and her children on Lake Michigan, south of and adjoining the northern boundary of the cession herein made by the Indians aforesaid to the United States… The tracks of land herein stipulated to be granted shall never be leased or conveyed by the grantees, or their heirs, to any person whenever, without the permission of the President of the United States.”

The government surveyors surveyed the land in 1842 and a patent was issued October 29 of the same year. Both Ouilmette’s cabin and the Indian mound nearby disappeared into the lake by 1882. Also lost were an Indian cemetery and a whole section of the Green Bay Trail through Wilmette and Winnetka. Today anyone living north of Central Street in Evanston to Elmwood Avenue in Wilmette and west from Lake almost to Central Park is living on a former Indian reserve. In 1838, with the exception of Joseph Ouilmette, the family moved west to Council Bluffs, Iowa with the Potawatami tribe. After Archange and Antoine died, the Ouilmette children, who in 1844 were living on the on Potawatomi Reservation in Council Bluffs, Iowa, petitioned President John Tyler for permission to sell or lease the land. Henry W. Clark was appointed special Indian agent to represent the Ouilmette family. The petition was dated February 22, 1844 and signed by seven of the children of Ouilmette all except Joseph who stayed in Wisconsin territory not far from the Reserve. The consequence of their living at a remote distance had caused the land to deteriorate in value. Much of the land was in timber, which constituted the estate’s chief worth and was being cut and stolen by various individuals living nearby. The petition further stated the home of the petitioners with one exception, was in Council Bluffs, Iowa with the Potawatomi tribe of Indians, with whom they were connected by blood, and that the petitioners cannot, with due regard for their feelings and interests, reside away from their tribe on said reserve. The petition then asks a leave to sell or lease the land and the prayer includes the following words. “…Or that your Excellency will cause the government United States to purchase back from us said reserve of land in a as $1.25 per acre therefore.” The sale was made in 1844 and 1845. In the correspondence between the various departments of government with reference to the sale appear the following signatures of John H. Kinzie, John Wentworth (member of Congress), William Wilkins, Secretary of War; President, John Tyler, W. L. Marcy, Secretary of War. It also had the signatures of Presidents James K. Polk and U.S. Grant. Copies of these documents can be obtained from the Evanston Historical Society collections. The south half of the property, including all of the land now in Evanston, Illinois, went to real estate speculators for a $1000, slightly more than a $1.56 an acre; the north half was sold in separate parcels for a larger sum.

CHAPTER 3 Potawatomie Traders, Provisioners and Movers of Goods The Potawatomi epitomize diversity and adaptability as well as any American Indian group currently residing in United States. At the height of the fur trading era (1700s -- 1800s), the Potawatomi controlled a tribal estate that encompassed Wisconsin, Michigan, Northern Illinois and Indiana, and a portion of Ohio. Control was accomplished through tribal democracy and savvy business skills -- personality traits encouraged by the culture. The Potawatomi challenge the Ottowa as “middlemen” for trade in the Green Bay area. Using their entrepreneurial skills, the Potawatomi began to hire local tribesmen to entrap and collect the furs that they once procured themselves. In turn, --the intermediaries -- the Potawatomi would sell or trade the furs to the French, thereby expanding their tribal control and tribal estate. When the Potawatomi were moved into Kansas, they continued to encourage entrepreneurship even though it meant a change in traditional culture. The tribe had not been directly influenced by commercial interests such as the developing railroads, but rather by government interests. In 1861, the more acculturated Potawatomi exchanged their communal ownership of reservation lands for individual plots amounting to approximately 20,229 acres. Many of the allotted Potawatomi later sold their lands for individual profit or maintained their ownership and developed entrepreneurial ventures such as blacksmith shops and ferry crossings. The other group of the Prairie Band Potawatomi chose to retain a portion about 77,440 acres as common property.

Lucius Ripley Darling Occupations: Farmer Walter Farrell reports that Lucius R. Darling subscribed to “The Ohio Cultivator” in 1857 and gave his post office as St. Mary’s Mission, Kansas. The Ohio Cultivator, a semi-monthly paper, devoted to Agriculture, Live Stock, Fruits, Gardening, and Domestic Affairs, was commenced in Columbus, in 1845, by M. B. Bateham, Esq. Interpreter Esther Sharrai, Lucius’ third wife, records that he was an interpreter for the Pottawatomie Indians. Lucius’ son, Lewis (Louis) Darling, was also a well-known interpreter for the Potawatomie. General Agent According to the Early Chicago Encyclopedia, Lucius R. Darling served as the general agent for the Chicago, Alton and St. Louis railroad in 1857. This would be while he was in Kansas. Ferry Operator Antoine Ouilmette provided occasional ferry service near his cabin - built in 1790 - on the N side of the Chicago River. This likely gave Lucius Darling knowledge or experience with the operation of a ferry franchise. Vol. 32, p. 87-- A Pottawatomie "National Ferry" was established on the Kansas River not far west of Union Town (and near what is now the Shawnee-Wabaunsee county line) with Lucius R. Darling as the Ferryman, p.502: Employed in Kansas by the Indian Department during all or part of the year were . . . Ferryman Lucius R. Darling, Ferryman for Pottawatomie Nation. In late 1853, L.R. Darling is listed in the United States Official Register as ferryman at the Pottawatomie agency, and then located on Cross Creek at about present Rossville. The ferry at this time is described as being located 4 or five miles above silver Lake and approximately one and one-half miles above old Uniontown. Darling had a monopoly on the ferry business at this point for a number of years, but with immigration came the demand for a ferry at the big bend, and he left for the Indian territory, where he went into the hotel business at Shawnee.

Vol. 33 p.172,173-- Kansas before 1854: A revised annals Part 23, 1854----Jan. 1 At Union town (Potawatomie Trading Post) John Ogee signed a contract to keep and attend two ferries for the use and benefit of the Potawatomie Indians on the Kansas River. One was located at or near the L.R. Darling place near Union Town . . . in Nov. 3, 1854 letter, George w. Clark . . . wrote that he had discharged Ogee. . .

Darling’s Ferry 1850 on Kansas River S15 T11S R13E. Lucius Darling, Proprietor; John L. Ogee, Operator. Known as the “Pottawatomie National Ferry,” it was funded by the Federal Government from treaty funds. (Barry p.795, 952, etc. KHQ v.3 p.20)

CHAPTER 4 Family Constellations: Ouilmette Elizabeth married Lucius Darling in July 1836 near Chicago, Illinois. Elizabeth Ouilmette-Welch-Darling Lucius Ripley Darling Children: William Roger Darling b: 6 SEP 1838 in Council Bluffs, Pottawattamie County, Iowa Francis Edward Darling b: 15 DEC 1840 in Council Bluffs,Pottawattamie County, Iowa George Oliver Darling b: 20 FEB 1842 in Council Bluffs, Pottawattamie County, Iowa Lucius Augustus Darling b: 9 MAR 1846 in Council Bluffs, Potawatomie County, Iowa Elizah Mariah Darling b: 4 APR 1849 in Kansas, died as an infa Eliza Mariah Darling b: 13 JUN 1852 Louis O. Darling b: 5 JUN 1853 in Wabaunsee County, Kansas Charles Nathan Darling b: 1 MAR 1857 in Maple Hill, Wabaunsee County, Kansas

Theresa Hardin Theresa Hardin married Lucius Darling after 1857 in Kansas. Children: Peter Darling b: AFT 1857 Robert Darling b: AFT 1857

Sharrai (pronounced Sha-ray) Esther Therese, at 17, married 65 years old, Louis Darling [Lucius Ripley Darling], 24 November 1868 in Topeka, Kansas, Children: Herman W. DARLING b: Aft 1868 in Oklaho William O. DARLING b: 16 Oct 1871 in Kans Fordyce S. DARLING b: Jun 1873 in Oklahoma - Indian Territory

A brief history of the Darling line through this family constellation follows:

Lucius was a farmer and an interpreter for the Pottawatomie Indians. He first married an Indian girl [Elizabeth Ouilmette] and was adopted into the Pottawatomie Tribe and shared as a full blood himself and Esther shared through his headright. She got 160 acres of land near Wanette [just north of the Canadian River In Pottawatomie County, Oklahoma] which she traded later for 160 acres near Choctaw, Oklahoma. Her husband Louis (Lucius) accidentally shot himself three months before Bob (Herman) was born. His son, Luke [Lucius A. Darling], stepson of Esther‘s, had gone deer hunting a week before the accident and his father asked him to pick the bullet out of the gun or fire it off because it was dangerous to leave it loaded around the children. Luke said he would, but he put it off and forgot about it. Mr. Darling and his renter needed to go to town about 30 miles away for supplies. It was March 1 1875 and quite cold so he wore his heavy overcoat. He decided to take the gun along as he might run across some game. He did not see any after all and when he got back to the renters home he went to the back of the spring wagon and pulled the gun and it discharged. The bullet penetrated his side and he died two hours later. Later, Esther sold out and moved on her 160 acres of Indian land near Choctaw. It was a raw 160 acres and winter was coming on so they built dugouts. Her son, Ford had married Christina and they built a dugout also. These were lined with white Muslin so dirt could not fall on you. One was to cook and eat in and the other to sleep in. In stormy weather they felt safe there.

CHAPTER 5 From the late 1830s-1841, the Mission Band Potawatomi moved from Michigan and Indiana to a reservation in Kansas. Together with the Council Bluffs Band, they moved in 1847 to a new reservation in eastern Kansas on the Kaw River. After changing their name from Mission Band to Citizen Band, they moved again in1867 to a reservation in Oklahoma. The Council Bluffs Band remained in Kansas on the Potawatomi Reservation and became known as the Prairie Band. Previously they resided in Illinois and Wisconsin and had settled temporarily in Iowa. Some Prairie Band members later returned to Wisconsin. In Kansas, the Jesuit (Missouri Province, St. Louis) missions to the Potawatomi began in 1839. They opened a school for boys in 1840 and the following year, the Sisters of the Society of the Sacred Heart (St. Louis) opened a school for girls. Both schools closed in 1848 and were followed by St. Mary's Mission and school, which opened later that year at St. Mary's, Kansas with staff from these religious orders. By the 1870s and to ca. 1900, St. Mary's no longer served significant numbers of Potawatomi except through its station at Silver Lake. Illinois to Iowa Many Potawatomis, particularly those living in northern Indiana and southern Michigan (the Wabash band) continued to adopt white ways following the War of 1812, and a coterie of mixed bloods emerged as influential and wealthy traders. Yet as American settlement flooded the upper Midwest the Potawatomis were forced to cede much of their homeland, and between 1816 and 1832, they agreed to twelve major land cessions, relinquishing most of their territory in Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin. In consequence, the federal government removed the tribe piecemeal, first resettling tribe’s people from Illinois and Wisconsin (the Prairie band) in northwestern Missouri and western Iowa, then removing the Wabash band to the Osage River Subagency in Kansas. Beginning in 1837, the soldiers gathered up the Potawatomi Indian families and agents of the government, forced to leave their homes in Indiana, southern Michigan, and northern Illinois, and marched south where they settled on the United Bands Reservation west of the Mississippi River in Iowa at Council Bluffs. This trek is now known as the "Trail of Death"

In 1846 all the Potawatomis in the West were consolidated on a new reservation along the Kansas River, just west of modern Topeka.

Catherine Welch, Elizabeth’s oldest daughter by Michael Welch, seemed to have moved with Billy Caldwell (Chief Sagaunash) and the Chicago Potawatomi to the West. They first settled along the Missouri River in what is now Buchanan County, Missouri. They were allowed to stay only a short time before a part of the Tribe was moved on to the Council Bluffs, Iowa Reserve. Another part of the Band was moved to the former Osage Reserve in eastern Kansas, near the Marais des Cygnes River and Sugar Creek where they lived until they were again uprooted in the late 1840's and all were moved to the Kansas Reserve along the Kaw River. Catherine's grandmother, Archange Wilmette, died on the Reserve at Council Bluffs, in November of 1840. Her grandfather, Antoine, passed away at the same place in December of 1841. Her mother, Elizabeth, died in Kansas in 1876 but the 1863 Potawatomi Roll shows Lucius Darling, Elizabeth's second husband, living alone on the Kansas Reserve with 4 of their children, the eldest being 12 and the youngest age 4. In May of 1873, Lucius was living on the Oklahoma Reserve. Catherine Welch was a small child during the removal period so she must have grown up with her mother, Elizabeth, and her stepfather, Lucius Darling. She and her husband, Basil, must have become acquainted on the Kansas Reserve but the reason for their being in Buchanan County, Missouri at the time of the 1850 Census, where Basil was recorded, as being a laborer, is unknown. Walter Farrell, someone very familiar with the Potawatomi historical records, has made the following notes regarding Lucius R. Darling in response to an online query from a descendent of Antoine Ouilmette. “I have 13 notes regarding Lucius R. Darling while he was living along the Missouri River with of his wife’s band of Potawatomie. I have arranged them in a sort of timeline. These notes come from various records from the Bureau of Indian Affairs; from what are called the St. Mary (Kansas) Birth, Marriage and Baptismal Records; and from other sources were secondary in nature, which I have read over the past 40 or so years. I’m hoping they might add to your knowledge of your ancestor during the time he was living in what is now Iowa.” (1) September 7, 1838 is the date of a record in which it is said Col. Louis H. Sands and his group of emigrating Potawatomies arrived at The Council Bluffs in 1837, (and therefore could have planted crops in 1838 should they have had the necessary agricultural implements.) (2) On November 19, 1838, it was recorded that L. R. Darling had furnished a wagon for Sands and his group in this emigration but had not been paid for doing so. (3) On June 9, 1838, and ill son of Lucius R. darling and Elizabeth Wilmet, was baptized at the Council Bluffs. (4) When Francis, son of Darling and Eliza (sic) Wilmet, was baptized at The Council Bluffs on January 5, 1840, Sofia Wilmet is shown as his sponsor. (5) One ‘Benjamin” was the sponsor on March 29, 1842 at the baptism of George, the two month old son of Lucius Darling and ___?__ Wilmet. (6) when Father Hoecken baptizes Lucia, infant daughter of Darling at The Council Bluffs on November 27, 1844, her mother was listed as “Lisette Wilmet.” (7) Lizette Darling had received her annuity payment in 1842 as a member of the Waubonsie’s band. (do you think “Elizabeth”, “Eliza” and “Lizette” all refer to one person?) Perhaps this is the place to say that this is the FIRST indication that Lucius R. Darling, at any time, ever lived at the south end of that stretch a country along the Missouri River known as the Council Bluffs. This clue comes from the fact that it is known that Waubonsie’s band lived west of the present Tabor, Iowa. Another occasion, the second, which arose in 1844 provides another weak indication as to the place of Darling’s residence; Rufus Hitchcock, who lived in Bluff Township, Nishnabotna Country, Holt County, Missouri along the Northern line of the survey Township 68 just south of present Sidney, Iowa, had been accused of the illegal trade with The Council Bluff Indians. His trading goods had been impounded. Thomas H. Hervey, superintendent of Indian affairs at St. Louis, desiring to deal with these contraband goods, ordered that they should be brought from The Council Bluffs, down to Missouri. (8) On September 14, 1844 Henry Watts, who lived east of present-day Hamburg, Iowa was paid $23.62 for having conveyed in August 1844 Hitchcock’s confiscated articles of trade from The Council Bluffs. But when Superintendent Harvey learned that Missouri laws could not be made to apply to The Council Bluffs Country, and that the situation would have to be dealt with in the appropriate Indian Territory. (9) Accordingly, on November 13, 1844 the record show that Lucius R. Darling had returned them to The Council Bluffs, for which he was paid $15. Well, the whole point is that the series of events are the SECOND indication that Lucius R. Darling might have at that time been living somewhere in present Fremont County, Iowa. In addition, it is known that his Wilmet brother-in-laws HAD lived in French Village for a while. SEE NOTES FOR ELIZABETH OUILMETTE FOR REMAINDER

1. ↑ Research of John David Wilson. (jd_wilson@@mindspring.com).