Person:Bernhard Einck (1)

[Einck Family Tree_Ver 8.FTW] Reference information from Sister Marian: His birthday could be 9/17/1831 Reference for the farm of Henry Einck: Winneshiek County Deed of Trust records, Book V, page 256. The location of the farm is the current Joseph Heying farm, (Military Township) who inherited it from his father John Heying. Information on the possible journey from Cincinnati to Festina, Winneshiek County, Iowa. The Heitkemper family emigrated from Germany during the 1840's and 1850's. In Germany, the Heitkempers lived in the town of Legden which is in the Westfalen region. In Germany they were "kotters" or small farmers and they also worked in the local grist mill. I am trying to determine the reasons that may have compelled them to leave Germany. My great grandfather Gerhard Hermann Heitkemper (born 1-12-1848 in Legden, Germany) came to America with his parents, 3 brothers and 1 sister. They sailed from Antwerp on April 2, 1859 and arrived in New York on May 12, 1859. From New York city, they went by rail to Cincinnati, Ohio. From Cincinnati, they went by steamboat down the Ohio River and then up the Mississippi to Iowa. They landed at McGregor and then went by team to Calmar, Winneshik County. The Festina Families In 1864, the families of Ferdinand Lippold, Frank Drilling, Joseph Todt, George Nolte and Joseph Bohmer left New York 1864 and traveled to St. John's in Lake Co. Indiana. On rented land, they planted seeds. After the harvest, they traveled from St. Johns through Chicago to Winnesheik Co. They arrived in Ossian on 3 November 1864. They lived on farms near Festina. Bengfort Brincks Bucheit Busch Dietzenbach Elpert Gehling Hemesath Heying Holthaus Huinker Kamphaus Kriener Lechtenberg Lensing Lütkenhaus Moellers Schones Tekippe Thuente Tieskotter Timp Wenthold Untereiner Wichman The Seven Dolors of The Blessed Virgin Mary V: O God, come to my addistance; R: O Lord, make hast to help me V: Glory be to the Father..... R: As it was in the beginning.... 1. I grieve for you, O Mary, most sorrowful, in the affliction of your tender heart at the prophecy of the holy and aged Simeon. Dear Mother, by your heart so afflicted, obtain for me the virtue of humility and the gift of the holy fear of God. Hail Mary........ 2. I grieve for you, O Mary most sorrowful, in the anguish of your most affectionate heart during the flight into Egypt and your sojurn there. Dear Mother, by your heart so troubled, obtain for me the virtue of generosity, especially toward the poor, and the gift of piety. Hail Mary..... 3. I grive for you, O Mary most sorrowful, in those anxieties which tried your troubled heart at the lost of your dear Jesus. Dear Mother, by your heart so full of anguish, obtain for me the virtue of chastity and the gift of knowledge. Hail Mary........ 4. I grieve for you, O Mary most sorrowful, in the constrenation of your heart at meeting Jesus as He carried His cross. Dear Mother, by your heart so troubled, obtain for me the virtue of patience and the gift of fortitude. Hail Mary........ 5. I grieve for you, O Mary most sorrowful, in the martyrdom which your generous heart endured in standing near Jesus in His agony. Dear Mother, by your afflicted heart, obtain for me the virtue of temperance and the gift of counsel. Hail Mary........ 6. I grieve for you, O Mary most sorrowful, in the wounding of your compassionate heart, when the side of Jesus was struck by the lance before His Body was removed from the cross. Dear Mother, by your heart thus transfixed, obtain for me the virtue of fraternal charity and the gift of understanding. Hail Mary........ 7. I grieve for you, O Mary most sorrowful, for the pangs that wrenched your most loving heart at the burial of Jesus. Dear Mother, by your heart sunk in the bitterness of desolation, obtain for me the virture of diligence and the gift of wisdom. Hail Mary........ Let Us Pray Let intercession be made for us, we beseech You, O Lord Jesus Christ, now and at the Hour of our death, before the throne of Your mercy, by the Blessed Virgin Mary, Your Mother, whose most holy soul was pierced by a sword of sorrow in the hour of Your bitter Passion. Through You, O Jesus Christ, Saviour of the world, Who with the Father and the Holy Ghost lives and reigns world without end. Amen. Life 100 Years Ago: The year is 1902, one hundred years ago ... what a difference a century makes! The average life expectancy in the US was forty-seven. Only 14 Percent of the homes in the US had a bathtub. Only 8 percent of the homes had a telephone. A three-minute call from Denver to New York City cost eleven dollars. There were only 8,000 cars in the US and only 144 miles of paved roads. The maximum speed limit in most cities was 10 mph. Alabama, Mississippi, Iowa, and Tennessee were each more heavily populated than California. With a mere 1.4 million residents, California was only the 21st most populous state in the Union. The tallest structure in the world was the Eiffel Tower. The average wage in the US was 22 cents an hour. The average US worker made between $200 and $400 per year. A competent accountant could expect to earn $2000 per year, a dentist $2,500 per year, a veterinarian between $1,500 and $4,000 per year, and a mechanical engineer about $5,000 per year. More than 95 percent of all births in the US took place at home. Ninety percent of all US physicians had no college education. Instead, they attended medical schools, many of which were condemned in the press and by the government as "substandard." Sugar cost four cents a pound. Eggs were fourteen cents a dozen. Coffee cost fifteen cents a pound. Most women only washed their hair once a month and used borax or egg yolks for shampoo. Canada passed a law prohibiting poor people from entering the country for any reason. The five leading causes of death in the US were: 1. Pneumonia and influenza 2. Tuberculosis 3. Diarrhea 4. Heart disease 5. Stroke The American flag had 45 stars. Arizona, Oklahoma, New Mexico, Hawaii and Alaska hadn't been admitted to the Union yet. The population of Las Vegas, Nevada was 30. Crossword puzzles, canned beer, and iced tea hadn't been invented. There was no Mother's Day or Father's Day. One in ten US adults couldn't read or write. Only 6 percent of all Americans had graduated from high school. Marijuana, heroin, and morphine were all available over the counter at corner drugstores. According to one pharmacist, "Heroin clears the complexion, gives buoyancy to the mind, regulates the stomach and the bowels, and is, in fact, a perfect guardian of health." Eighteen percent of households in the US had at least one full-time servant or domestic. There were only about 230 reported murders in the entire US. http://www.rootsweb.com/~iawinnes/townships/washington.htm History of Washington Township In September of 1849 a number of families immigrated from Aldenberg, Indiana, and settled near the Turkey River. After selecting homesteads, since all families were of the Catholic faith, their thoughts centered on the founding of a church. After purchasing land in an Indian location with log huts, the best of these huts was assigned for the use as a chapel. After it was dedicated it came to be known as the Old Mission; the name has been retained to the present day. Pioneer farm families who had a part in organizing the Old Mission Church were Jos. Huber, Anton Stadel, Andrew Meyer, George Beckel, Jos. Spillman and Jacob Rausch. The Priest sent to take charge of this humble church was Rev. G.H. Plathe. In the spring of 1849 Josiah Goddard came to Washington Township and bought the land that had been the Old Indian Trading Post location in section 18. The land was purchased from a Mr. Olmstead. Harrison Goddard, who recorded a few paragraphs regarding the early history of the township states that he was 9 years old when the family came overland from Greene County, Wisconsin. The family spent the winter of 1849 and 1850 in an abandoned building of Old Fort Atkinson. He stated that a man by the name of Alexander Falconer, who was a discharged soldier and had held the rank of first sergeant, was in charge of the Old Fort during that winter. In June of 1850, his father Josiah Goddard moved his family to the old trading post farm. The nearest place to buy groceries at that time was McGregor, about 50 miles away. Most food was secured by grinding corn into meal. Pumpkins were cut into strips, dried and used during the winter for pies and sauce. He mentions that in the summer of 1850 a band of Indians came to the Goddard farm and pointing to a patch of early corn, which was in roasting-ear stage, indicated they wanted some. A sack full was gladly gathered for the Indians. Josiah Goddard was the postmaster for a post office established in 1851 in Lewiston, 2 1/2 miles southeast of Fort Atkinson on what is known as the Wendel Riha farm, then owned by Francis Rogers. Records show that the first white male child born in the township after a permanent settlement established was George A. Meyer, whose birthday was August 1, 1849. The first white female child born was Mary Krumm, born August 5, 1849. Her father Gottlieb Krumm came to Fort Atkinson in 1848. After the removal of the Winnebago Indians from the Old Fort in 1848, the Fort was officially sold in 1853 to John M. Flowers for $3.521. A Mr. Finkle and Mr. Clark were the builders of a gristmill in Fort Atkinson in 1857. The population is recorded as being about "500 souls." Dr. E. Hazen is listed as the teacher of the first school at the Fort with a Mr. Sharp, originally from Fayette, as the owner and keeper of the first hotel, which was in one of the Fort buildings. What was then known as the new town of Fort Atkinson was begun in 1869, the same year the railroad came through. The first church building was erected about the same time and a Methodist Church was built soon after. It was located on the old town site and built by S.B. Dunlop, a wealthy farmer. According to the history, it was built "largely with his money." The town was incorporated in 1895 and Wm. Becker was the first mayor. In 1853 the little wooden Catholic Church at Old Mission was destroyed by fire. Pioneer farmers of the day decided to rebuild the church 2 miles east of a site then called Twin Springs, which now known as Festina. The present church commonly known as the " Smallest Church" was built on the site where the original wood structure stood. It was dedicated June 15, 1885, with the expense being borne by John Gartner and the Joseph Huber family. Because of Old Fort Atkinson, the old platted village of Lewiston, the Indian School and Old Mission church, Washington Township has more than its share of early history handed down from early day happenings. Phil Huber who resides just south of Fort Atkinson states that as a boy he remembers an Indian burial party moving along the road with horses carrying the body of a young Indian girl. Burial was made on the east bank of the Turkey River about one mile south of the Old Mission Church. Washington Township has records of seven cemeteries and burial places. It has the largest number of any township in the county. Probably the oldest one, for which the location is vague, is the burial ground adjoining Old Fort Atkinson. This is the one that was used during the time the soldiers were stationed there. Second oldest is probably the one adjoining the St. Anthony of Padua (Smallest Church) in section 27. The land was set aside for a cemetery in 1849. There were about 90 burials with only 12 of them being well marked. Probably the next oldest is what might be called the Riha or Young cemetery located in section 28. A rock wall surrounds the small burial ground; at least one Civil War veteran is buried in this little known area. Next oldest, based on information available, would be the cemetery which adjoins the crumbling St. James Lutheran Church located just north of Old Fort Atkinson. A large cemetery for the St. John's Catholic Church at Fort Atkinson is located southeast of the town. It was set aside in 1875 as a burial ground. Land was set aside for the Our Lady of Seven Dolars Church cemetery at Festina in 1858 and more than 500 burials are recorded in this platted cemetery. To the southwest of the town of Fort Atkinson is the Oak Hill Cemetery for Protestant burial, which is platted. The date set aside for burial purposes and total number of burials was not secured by the 1964 survey. _________________________________________________ HIstory of Military Township Military Township received its name from the old Military Road, which ran through the area from McGregor to Fort Atkinson. It records its first citizen as John Ossian Porter. Porter, with his wife and four children immigrated to Military Township arriving in 1850 and settling on the northeast quarter of section 7, which is now part of the incorporated town of Ossian. History records that the town of Ossian received its name from Porter, since his middle name was Ossian. Those who record history say that the next settlers in the neighborhood were Chauncey Brooks, and Captain Caleb Brooks. Following the Brooks were Adolph Howard, John R. Howard and Charles Wood, all of who moved in after an overland trip from their home area of Erie County, Pennsylvania. Nicholas Linbeck and family are recorded as the next settlers, while soon afterward was James Books, H.P. Nicholson, Sr., who purchased land in section 4, and Barney Boyle. Judge John DeCou and wife who originally settled near Moneek in 1850 moved to Military Township and lived in the same location throughout the rest of his life. Henry Scheidelmantel, now shortened to Scheidel, settled in section 5. Historians say Erick Anderson purchased a stock of goods from a Mr. Lathrop who had been located at Moneek, but when he felt that the town of Moneek was dying fast, he was glad of a chance to sell the stock. Anderson's place of business became the first store and he the first merchant. The Centennial history says, "at this time the country was poor and everybody seemed to want credit. Mr. Anderson very generously trusted them and as a result, his mercantile business was a failure. On October 22, Rev. Nils Brandt conducted the first service in the Stavanger Church area at the John A. Axtal farm (on which Harold Hammersland now lives). By 1854 there was no unoccupied land to be had; prices per acre had moved up to $4.50 to $5.00 per acre. Historical notes say that the Rosa boys ran the first threshing machine west of Monona. The first death in Ossian was Thomas Larson killed by an ox team running away. The railroad arrived at Ossian from points east in 1864. The railroad now known as the Chicago-Milwaukee & St. Paul was then the McGregor Western. It reached as far as Castalia by October 1863 and was extended to Ossian by 1864. Other pioneers who are recorded as early settlers are O.O. Riveland who settled in section 22, Hans Larsen Tinderholt and Barny Kieve in section 30. Records show the location of five cemeteries in Military Township. Near to St. Francis of DeSales Catholic Church is the large Catholic cemetery; near Ossian is the Hillside cemetery set aside for burial purposes in 1860 under the auspices of the town of Ossian. Just southwest of the town is the Ossian Lutheran Cemetery. Two well-known and early-established Lutheran cemeteries are located in the south part of the township, Stavanger and Bethany Lutheran. Records show land was set aside for the Stavanger cemetery in 1856. Castle Garden Search Record http://www.castlegarden.org/quick_search_result.php?p_first_name=&p_last_name=erpinkl&m_arrival_date_start=1859&m_arrival_date_end=1860&co_id=-1&o_id=-1&m_id=-1&submit.x=45&submit.y=16) First name Last name Occupation Age Sex Arrived Origin Ship Heinrich Erpinkl Farmer 27 M 12 May 1859 Germany Plutarch Marianne Erpinkl Wife 31 F 12 May 1859 Germany Plutarch

Reference information from Sister Marian: His birthday could be 9/17/1831 Reference for the farm of Henry Einck: Winneshiek County Deed of Trust records, Book V, page 256. The location of the farm is the current Joseph Heying farm, (Military Township) who inherited it from his father John Heying. Information on the possible journey from Cincinnati to Festina, Iowa. The Heitkemper family emigrated from Germany during the 1840's and 1850's. In Germany, the Heitkempers lived in the town of Legden which is in the Westfalen region. In Germany they were "kotters" or small farmers and they also worked in the local grist mill. I am trying to determine the reasons that may have compelled them to leave Germany. My great grandfather Gerhard Hermann Heitkemper (born 1-12-1848 in Legden, Germany) came to America with his parents, 3 brothers and 1 sister. They sailed from Antwerp on April 2, 1859 and arrived in New York on May 12, 1859. From New York city, they went by rail to Cincinnati, Ohio. From Cincinnati, they went by steamboat down the Ohio River and then up the Mississippi to Iowa. They landed at McGregor and then went by team to Calmar, Winneshik County. Plutarch was the ship Berhard and Katherina immigrated to the US on. Here are a few facts about the ship from the internet: A rare set of ship's plans dated 1856 "..Now Building by G. & T. Boole Boston, MA, Feb. 1856", depicting four views of the hull. Length 188' on deck, 179' at keel. 38.5 b. Tonnage 1224 and 87/90. Although no ship's name appears on the plan, it undoubtedly represents the ship "Pomona". The Boole yard built only three ships in 1856: the "Plutarch", mounted with a figurehead representing him, and the "Pomona" and "Endymion", both mythological figures. Endymion was a young man loved by the moon goddess, Selene. Pomona was the Italian goddess of the fruits and trees. The figure head depicted in this plan is that of a young woman, therefore the ship must be the "Pomona". All three ships were part of the fleet owned by the Dramatic Line of York, and all were engaged in the transatlantic trade. The "Pomona" hit the Blackwater Bank a few hours after leaving Liverpool for New York in April, 1859. Capt. Charles Merrihew, his First and Second Officers and 421 immigrant passengers perished in the disaster. It is considered one of the worst tragedies of the 19th century. The "Plutarch" wrecked on the Flemish coast in February, 1860, and the "Endymion" burned in Mersey on January 1, 1860. The Festina Families In 1864, the families of Ferdinand Lippold, Frank Drilling, Joseph Todt, George Nolte and Joseph Bohmer left New York 1864 and traveled to St. John's in Lake Co. Indiana. On rented land, they planted seeds. After the harvest, they traveled from St. Johns through Chicago to Winnesheik Co. They arrived in Ossian on 3 November 1864. They lived on farms near Festina. Bengfort Brincks Bucheit Busch Dietzenbach Elpert Gehling Hemesath Heying Holthaus Huinker Kamphaus Kriener Lechtenberg Lensing Lütkenhaus Moellers Schones Tekippe Thuente Tieskotter Timp Wenthold Untereiner Wichman The Seven Dolors of The Blessed Virgin Mary V: O God, come to my addistance; R: O Lord, make hast to help me V: Glory be to the Father..... R: As it was in the beginning.... 1. I grieve for you, O Mary, most sorrowful, in the affliction of your tender heart at the prophecy of the holy and aged Simeon. Dear Mother, by your heart so afflicted, obtain for me the virtue of humility and the gift of the holy fear of God. Hail Mary........ 2. I grieve for you, O Mary most sorrowful, in the anguish of your most affectionate heart during the flight into Egypt and your sojurn there. Dear Mother, by your heart so troubled, obtain for me the virtue of generosity, especially toward the poor, and the gift of piety. Hail Mary..... 3. I grive for you, O Mary most sorrowful, in those anxieties which tried your troubled heart at the lost of your dear Jesus. Dear Mother, by your heart so full of anguish, obtain for me the virtue of chastity and the gift of knowledge. Hail Mary........ 4. I grieve for you, O Mary most sorrowful, in the constrenation of your heart at meeting Jesus as He carried His cross. Dear Mother, by your heart so troubled, obtain for me the virtue of patience and the gift of fortitude. Hail Mary........ 5. I grieve for you, O Mary most sorrowful, in the martyrdom which your generous heart endured in standing near Jesus in His agony. Dear Mother, by your afflicted heart, obtain for me the virtue of temperance and the gift of counsel. Hail Mary........ 6. I grieve for you, O Mary most sorrowful, in the wounding of your compassionate heart, when the side of Jesus was struck by the lance before His Body was removed from the cross. Dear Mother, by your heart thus transfixed, obtain for me the virtue of fraternal charity and the gift of understanding. Hail Mary........ 7. I grieve for you, O Mary most sorrowful, for the pangs that wrenched your most loving heart at the burial of Jesus. Dear Mother, by your heart sunk in the bitterness of desolation, obtain for me the virture of diligence and the gift of wisdom. Hail Mary........ Let Us Pray Let intercession be made for us, we beseech You, O Lord Jesus Christ, now and at the Hour of our death, before the throne of Your mercy, by the Blessed Virgin Mary, Your Mother, whose most holy soul was pierced by a sword of sorrow in the hour of Your bitter Passion. Through You, O Jesus Christ, Saviour of the world, Who with the Father and the Holy Ghost lives and reigns world without end. Amen. Life 100 Years Ago: The year is 1902, one hundred years ago ... what a difference a century makes! The average life expectancy in the US was forty-seven. Only 14 Percent of the homes in the US had a bathtub. Only 8 percent of the homes had a telephone. A three-minute call from Denver to New York City cost eleven dollars. There were only 8,000 cars in the US and only 144 miles of paved roads. The maximum speed limit in most cities was 10 mph. Alabama, Mississippi, Iowa, and Tennessee were each more heavily populated than California. With a mere 1.4 million residents, California was only the 21st most populous state in the Union. The tallest structure in the world was the Eiffel Tower. The average wage in the US was 22 cents an hour. The average US worker made between $200 and $400 per year. A competent accountant could expect to earn $2000 per year, a dentist $2,500 per year, a veterinarian between $1,500 and $4,000 per year, and a mechanical engineer about $5,000 per year. More than 95 percent of all births in the US took place at home. Ninety percent of all US physicians had no college education. Instead, they attended medical schools, many of which were condemned in the press and by the government as "substandard." Sugar cost four cents a pound. Eggs were fourteen cents a dozen. Coffee cost fifteen cents a pound. Most women only washed their hair once a month and used borax or egg yolks for shampoo. Canada passed a law prohibiting poor people from entering the country for any reason. The five leading causes of death in the US were: 1. Pneumonia and influenza 2. Tuberculosis 3. Diarrhea 4. Heart disease 5. Stroke The American flag had 45 stars. Arizona, Oklahoma, New Mexico, Hawaii and Alaska hadn't been admitted to the Union yet. The population of Las Vegas, Nevada was 30. Crossword puzzles, canned beer, and iced tea hadn't been invented. There was no Mother's Day or Father's Day. One in ten US adults couldn't read or write. Only 6 percent of all Americans had graduated from high school. Marijuana, heroin, and morphine were all available over the counter at corner drugstores. According to one pharmacist, "Heroin clears the complexion, gives buoyancy to the mind, regulates the stomach and the bowels, and is, in fact, a perfect guardian of health." Eighteen percent of households in the US had at least one full-time servant or domestic. There were only about 230 reported murders in the entire US. http://www.rootsweb.com/~iawinnes/townships/washington.htm History of Washington Township In September of 1849 a number of families immigrated from Aldenberg, Indiana, and settled near the Turkey River. After selecting homesteads, since all families were of the Catholic faith, their thoughts centered on the founding of a church. After purchasing land in an Indian location with log huts, the best of these huts was assigned for the use as a chapel. After it was dedicated it came to be known as the Old Mission; the name has been retained to the present day. Pioneer farm families who had a part in organizing the Old Mission Church were Jos. Huber, Anton Stadel, Andrew Meyer, George Beckel, Jos. Spillman and Jacob Rausch. The Priest sent to take charge of this humble church was Rev. G.H. Plathe. In the spring of 1849 Josiah Goddard came to Washington Township and bought the land that had been the Old Indian Trading Post location in section 18. The land was purchased from a Mr. Olmstead. Harrison Goddard, who recorded a few paragraphs regarding the early history of the township states that he was 9 years old when the family came overland from Greene County, Wisconsin. The family spent the winter of 1849 and 1850 in an abandoned building of Old Fort Atkinson. He stated that a man by the name of Alexander Falconer, who was a discharged soldier and had held the rank of first sergeant, was in charge of the Old Fort during that winter. In June of 1850, his father Josiah Goddard moved his family to the old trading post farm. The nearest place to buy groceries at that time was McGregor, about 50 miles away. Most food was secured by grinding corn into meal. Pumpkins were cut into strips, dried and used during the winter for pies and sauce. He mentions that in the summer of 1850 a band of Indians came to the Goddard farm and pointing to a patch of early corn, which was in roasting-ear stage, indicated they wanted some. A sack full was gladly gathered for the Indians. Josiah Goddard was the postmaster for a post office established in 1851 in Lewiston, 2 1/2 miles southeast of Fort Atkinson on what is known as the Wendel Riha farm, then owned by Francis Rogers. Records show that the first white male child born in the township after a permanent settlement established was George A. Meyer, whose birthday was August 1, 1849. The first white female child born was Mary Krumm, born August 5, 1849. Her father Gottlieb Krumm came to Fort Atkinson in 1848. After the removal of the Winnebago Indians from the Old Fort in 1848, the Fort was officially sold in 1853 to John M. Flowers for $3.521. A Mr. Finkle and Mr. Clark were the builders of a gristmill in Fort Atkinson in 1857. The population is recorded as being about "500 souls." Dr. E. Hazen is listed as the teacher of the first school at the Fort with a Mr. Sharp, originally from Fayette, as the owner and keeper of the first hotel, which was in one of the Fort buildings. What was then known as the new town of Fort Atkinson was begun in 1869, the same year the railroad came through. The first church building was erected about the same time and a Methodist Church was built soon after. It was located on the old town site and built by S.B. Dunlop, a wealthy farmer. According to the history, it was built "largely with his money." The town was incorporated in 1895 and Wm. Becker was the first mayor. In 1853 the little wooden Catholic Church at Old Mission was destroyed by fire. Pioneer farmers of the day decided to rebuild the church 2 miles east of a site then called Twin Springs, which now known as Festina. The present church commonly known as the " Smallest Church" was built on the site where the original wood structure stood. It was dedicated June 15, 1885, with the expense being borne by John Gartner and the Joseph Huber family. Because of Old Fort Atkinson, the old platted village of Lewiston, the Indian School and Old Mission church, Washington Township has more than its share of early history handed down from early day happenings. Phil Huber who resides just south of Fort Atkinson states that as a boy he remembers an Indian burial party moving along the road with horses carrying the body of a young Indian girl. Burial was made on the east bank of the Turkey River about one mile south of the Old Mission Church. Washington Township has records of seven cemeteries and burial places. It has the largest number of any township in the county. Probably the oldest one, for which the location is vague, is the burial ground adjoining Old Fort Atkinson. This is the one that was used during the time the soldiers were stationed there. Second oldest is probably the one adjoining the St. Anthony of Padua (Smallest Church) in section 27. The land was set aside for a cemetery in 1849. There were about 90 burials with only 12 of them being well marked. Probably the next oldest is what might be called the Riha or Young cemetery located in section 28. A rock wall surrounds the small burial ground; at least one Civil War veteran is buried in this little known area. Next oldest, based on information available, would be the cemetery which adjoins the crumbling St. James Lutheran Church located just north of Old Fort Atkinson. A large cemetery for the St. John's Catholic Church at Fort Atkinson is located southeast of the town. It was set aside in 1875 as a burial ground. Land was set aside for the Our Lady of Seven Dolars Church cemetery at Festina in 1858 and more than 500 burials are recorded in this platted cemetery. To the southwest of the town of Fort Atkinson is the Oak Hill Cemetery for Protestant burial, which is platted. The date set aside for burial purposes and total number of burials was not secured by the 1964 survey. _________________________________________________ HIstory of Military Township Military Township received its name from the old Military Road, which ran through the area from McGregor to Fort Atkinson. It records its first citizen as John Ossian Porter. Porter, with his wife and four children immigrated to Military Township arriving in 1850 and settling on the northeast quarter of section 7, which is now part of the incorporated town of Ossian. History records that the town of Ossian received its name from Porter, since his middle name was Ossian. Those who record history say that the next settlers in the neighborhood were Chauncey Brooks, and Captain Caleb Brooks. Following the Brooks were Adolph Howard, John R. Howard and Charles Wood, all of who moved in after an overland trip from their home area of Erie County, Pennsylvania. Nicholas Linbeck and family are recorded as the next settlers, while soon afterward was James Books, H.P. Nicholson, Sr., who purchased land in section 4, and Barney Boyle. Judge John DeCou and wife who originally settled near Moneek in 1850 moved to Military Township and lived in the same location throughout the rest of his life. Henry Scheidelmantel, now shortened to Scheidel, settled in section 5. Historians say Erick Anderson purchased a stock of goods from a Mr. Lathrop who had been located at Moneek, but when he felt that the town of Moneek was dying fast, he was glad of a chance to sell the stock. Anderson's place of business became the first store and he the first merchant. The Centennial history says, "at this time the country was poor and everybody seemed to want credit. Mr. Anderson very generously trusted them and as a result, his mercantile business was a failure. On October 22, Rev. Nils Brandt conducted the first service in the Stavanger Church area at the John A. Axtal farm (on which Harold Hammersland now lives). By 1854 there was no unoccupied land to be had; prices per acre had moved up to $4.50 to $5.00 per acre. Historical notes say that the Rosa boys ran the first threshing machine west of Monona. The first death in Ossian was Thomas Larson killed by an ox team running away. The railroad arrived at Ossian from points east in 1864. The railroad now known as the Chicago-Milwaukee & St. Paul was then the McGregor Western. It reached as far as Castalia by October 1863 and was extended to Ossian by 1864. Other pioneers who are recorded as early settlers are O.O. Riveland who settled in section 22, Hans Larsen Tinderholt and Barny Kieve in section 30. Records show the location of five cemeteries in Military Township. Near to St. Francis of DeSales Catholic Church is the large Catholic cemetery; near Ossian is the Hillside cemetery set aside for burial purposes in 1860 under the auspices of the town of Ossian. Just southwest of the town is the Ossian Lutheran Cemetery. Two well-known and early-established Lutheran cemeteries are located in the south part of the township, Stavanger and Bethany Lutheran. Records show land was set aside for the Stavanger cemetery in 1856. Information from Internet (http://www.jeffhoffman.net/portentry.htm) Going to America Few of the German states were seafaring powers, and as a result the colonization of America was carried out by other nations. However, some Germans played a role in it. There were, for instance, Germans among the English colonists at Jamestown, Virginia, in 1607. Prussian-born Peter Minuit {whose name in German was Minnewit) became the first governor of the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam in 1626. It was Minuit who purchased the island of Manhattan- today perhaps the most valuable piece of real estate in the world- from local Native Americans for trade goods that were worth about 60 Dutch guilders {the equivalent of $24). The first large group of German immigrants came from the Rhineland, the area that had suffered most during the Thirty Years' War of 1618-48. On October 6, 1683, 13 families from the town of Krefeld arrived in Philadelphia on the ship Concord. They had been invited by William Penn, an English member of the Society of Friends, or Quakers, who had founded the colony of Pennsylvania a year earlier. Wishing to populate this vast tract of land with European settlers, Penn visited the German states to encourage emigration, offering religious freedom and farmland. Most of the passengers on the Concord were Mennonites, a Protestant sect whose practices and beliefs were similar to the Quakers'. Having endured religious warfare in Europe, the Mennonites were pacifists who opposed all forms of violence. Their leader, Francis Daniel Pastorius, had arrived earlier, declaring his intention "to lead a quiet, godly, and honest life in a howling wilderness." These first German Americans established a community called Gerrnantown, which still exists within the boundaries of Philadelphia. Many more German peasants followed during the 18th century . Those who had no money for their trans-Atlantic passage arrived in America as "redemptioners," or indentured servants. They agreed to work for a period of four to seven years to payoff the cost of their ship passage. American colonial landowners came aboard the newly arrived ships to purchase redemptioners in a system that was like temporary slavery. Indeed, colonial newspapers were filled with advertisements offering rewards for redemptioners who had run away from their masters. The journey to America in colonial times was uncomfortable at best and deadly at worst. One German who crossed the Atlantic in 1728 wrote in his diary that the food on ship "consisted of horrible salted corned pork, peas, barley, groats, and codfish. The drink was a stinking water, in which all food was cooked. " The time it took to cross the Atlantic varied greatly, depending on the time of year and the weather. Gottlieb Mittelberger, who emigrated in 1750, wrote that one ship took six months to cross the stormy ocean in winter. Of the 340 persons who had sailed in it, only 21 survived the voyage. Mittelberger noted that many ships sank in mid-ocean, a fact he claimed was concealed so that future emigrants would not be discouraged. The agents of shipping companies and recruiters for the American colonies made extensive efforts to attract immigrants. They traveled through the Rhineland in brightly colored wagons. Drawing a crowd with trumpets and drums, the recruiters described in glowing terms the life that awaited in America. In addition to the dream of free farmland, Germans came in search of religious tolerance. Besides the Mennonites, many Lutherans and Reformed Church members also arrived in colonial America, often coming from the German states Bavaria and Wiirzburg, where Catholicism was predominant. Smaller numbers of German Catholics also arrived, such as a group expelled in 1732 by the staunch Protestant Count Leopold of Firmian. Estimates of the total number of Germans who arrived in America in colonial times range from 65,000 to 100,000. The final group were deserters from the Ger- man forces who fought for the British in the Revolutionary Ports of Entry Because Pennsylvania welcomed German religious dissenters, Philadelphia was the most frequent port of entry for German immigrants during the colonial period. One German American citizen of Philadelphia described the rival routine of an immigrant vessel in 1728: "Before the ship is allowed to cast anchor in the harbor, the immigrants are all examined as to whether any contagious disease be among them. The next step is to bring all the new arrivals in a procession before the city hall and then compel them to take the oath of allegiance to the king of Great Britain. After that they are brought back to the ship. Those that have paid their passage are released, the others are advertised in the newspapers for sale." Philadelphia had no monopoly on German redemptioners. In 1709, the government of England encouraged several hundred of them to go to New York by giving them land north of the city in return for their labor. In the 1720s, the French government attempted to colonize the territory of Louisiana by inviting German settlers to New Orleans. For the rest of the 18th century, German immigrants stepped off the ships to begin their American lives in virtually all the colonial ports, from Boston to Baltimore, Charleston, and Savannah. After independence, two of the United State's major exports to Europe were cotton and tobacco. Much of the cotton was shipped from New Orleans to the port of Le Havre, France; tobacco frequently went from Baltimore to Bremerhaven, in northern Germany. To avoid returning home with empty vessels, ship captains took back emigrant passengers, most of whom were German. Sizable numbers of these new immigrants then moved up the Mississippi River from New Orleans or inland on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroa In 1843, the newly independent Republic of Texas invited a group of Hessians to establish a colony in Texas. The next year, about 150 families arrived in the port of Brownsville, on the Gulf of Mexico. After they founded the city of New Braunfels, in the central Texas Hill Country , Brownsville became the gateway for many other German settlers. Thousands of Germans also took the long sea journey around the southern tip of South America to reach San Francisco during the Gold Rush of 1849 and over the next few years. It was New York, however, that became the nation's principal port of entry for German immigrants, as for all other European groups. Nearly a million Germans {and almost as many Irish) arrived in New York during the 1850s.1n response, New York established an immigrant- receiving station at Castle Garden, a former theater on an island off the southern tip of Manhattan Island. There newcomers were screened for diseases and given information about jobs and lodging, to protect them against "runners" who lured unwary immigrants to boarding- houses where they would be fleeced of their savings. Some of Germany's charitable organizations established offices in New York to help newcomers. As Germans left Bremen, for example, they would be given the address of the New York German Society in the city .There they could find Ger man speakers who would advise them on the best routes to their final destinations. In January 1892, the federal government opened a new immigration-landing station, at Ellis Island in New York Harbor. By that time the peak of German immigration, in the mid-19th century, had passed, but even so about 1.5 million Germans went through Ellis Island until its closing in 1954. By then the international airlines were carrying the majority of the new immigrants to the United States. A New Life Most of the German settlers who arrived in Pennsylvania in 1683 and established Germantown were cloth weavers. However, numerous other crafts workers and artisans arrived from Germany in colonial times. Printers, bookbinders, paper- makers, carpenters, cabinetmakers, blacksmiths, tailors, cobblers, ironworkers, and stonemasons found a market for their skills in the English colonies. Silk workers from the town of Neufchatel established a colony in Beaufort County, South Carolina. There they raised silkworms on mulberry trees planted on 40,000 acres. German redemptioners sometimes learned trades as apprentices. Such was the case with John Peter Zenger, who arrived in 1709 at the age of 13 and spent eight years under contract to a printer in New York. Zenger later founded his own newspaper, The New-York Weekly Journal. A libel suit brought against him by the colonial government resulted in the first legal victory for freedom of the press in the American colonies. German merchants also set up shop in the New World. Some established taverns stocked with beer, the favorite German beverage. Immigrant Germans founded breweries in New York and Baltimore in the early 1700s. The majority of the colonial German immigrants were farmers. Though the American land seemed limitless, much of it-at least in the English, colonies-was covered with forest. Starting a farm meant chopping down trees, clearing the land, and digging out rocks that stood in the way of plows. Undaunted, the German immigrant farmers moved farther into Pennsylvania, up the Hudson River in New York, and into northern New Jersey. Fewer Germans went to New England, though some settled in the Broad Bay region and along the Kennebec River in what later became the state of Maine. German colonial farmers also settled in Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, the Carolinas, and Georgia. Those who were brought by the French into Louisiana as settlers moved up the Mississippi and also into the present-day state of Mississippi. Eighteenth-century German farmers in the Conestoga Valley of Pennsylvania developed a deep-bodied covered wagon to take their crops to market. In the next century, Conestoga wagons modeled after these took thousands of pioneers across the western plains. In the mid-1800s, German American farmers continued west- ward across the continent. Many took advantage of the free public land offered by the Homestead Act of 1862. From Ohio to Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, and Iowa they planted corn, a crop seldom grown in Germany. A new German immigrant to Missouri in 1861 wrote home: "Corn...that's the most important thing in America, man and beast live from it." Indeed, much of the corn was of a type specifically designed for feeding animals, chiefly the pigs that were among the products of farms in the "corn belt." The largest number of German Americans took up dairy farming. The "dairy belt" included parts of upstate New York as well as Wisconsin, Michigan, and Minnesota. Dairy farms also tended to cluster around large cities, so that their cheese, butter, and milk could be rapidly delivered to urban markets. The cultivation of wheat was a specialty of Germans from Russia. In 1872 the Russian government revoked the special privileges originating with Catherine the Great that had drawn German irnmigrants to the Volga River and Black Sea regions in the previous century .The action cost Russia some of its best farmers, as thou- sands of German settlers migrated to the United States. They brought with them the seeds of hard Turkey red winter wheat. This type of wheat could be planted in the fall and survive the harsh winters of the northern plains states for spring harvest. Germans from Russia sowed this crop in the Dakotas, Nebraska, Kansas, and parts of Colorado, helping to turn the vast grasslands into wheat fields that became the bread basket of America. Germans from Russia also put down roots in California, planting grapevines. Those from the Volga region settled around Lodi in central California, and Black Sea Germans formed communities in the San Joaquin Valley around Fresno, where they helped establish a raisin industry . Many German immigrants in the first half of the 19th century were university graduates. Some found jobs as teachers, journalists, and clerks, but others tried their hands at farming. They earned the nickname Latin farmers, after their classical training in ancient Latin and Greek, which ill suited them for the hard life of farming. Despite the enormous influence German American farmers had on U.S. agriculture, a majority of German-speaking immigrants engaged in other kinds of work. Some became legendary success stories. John Jacob Astor, who arrived from Waldorf, Germany, in 1784 as a teenager, became the United States's first millionaire from involvement in the fur trade and real estate investments. Frederick Weyerhaeuser, who arrived penniless in 1852, started work in a sawmill; by 1900 his lumber company owned almost 2 million acres of land. Heinrich Steinweg took his family to New York in 1850 and opened a piano business that became known as Steinway; its products are still standards of musical excellence. Brewers of beer became wealthy and prominent members of every large German American community .The Pabst and Schlitz families in Milwaukee and the Busch family in St. Louis used their fortunes to build parks and other public facilities in their communities. More than most other immigrant groups, German Americans found jobs as skilled workers. Many had learned trades in their native land. Bakers, butchers, brewers, tailors, barbers, carpenters, cabinetmakers, and gardeners did not have to start at the bottom as low-paid unskilled laborers. For instance, the U.S. printing industry was dominated by German Americans, carrying on the tradition begun by Johannes Gutenberg in 1452. Artists, musicians, and clergymen were also among the German immigrant population. The relatively high-paying jobs of German American men enabled their wives to remain at home to fulfill their traditional roles as mothers and homemakers. Relatively few German American women entered the labor force, except as teachers and domestic servants. In 1890 about one out of every five German-born women in the United States worked as a maid, housekeeper, or cook. Many German American women found teaching a rewarding profession. Margaretha Meyer Schurz, wife of the '48er Carl Schurz, is often credited with starting the first kindergarten in the United States. The great numbers of German and Irish immigrants who arrived in the United States in the 1840s and 1850s resulted in a wave of antiforeign prejudice. "Nativist" speakers argued that these newcomers were taking jobs from native-born Americans. The fact that so many of the newcomers-nearly all the Irish and about half of the Germans-were Roman Catholic caused fears among those who regarded Catholicism as a threat to American traditions. In addition, German immigrants generally continued to speak their native language, which set them apart from the majority of Americans, who spoke English. And in many towns, Germans' consumption of beer on Sunday, often in lively beer halls, brought condemnation from Anglo-Saxon Protestants who felt this to be a violation of the Sabbath. In 1845, a group later known as the American Party was founded to block foreign immigration. In the election of 1854, this party reached the height of its influence by electing governors or a majority of the legislatures in seven states. Soon afterward, however, the American Party split over the issue of slavery. In 1856 the newborn Republican Party made an appeal for German Americans' votes by publishing its antislavery platform in German as well as English. Four years later, the Republicans' Presidential candidate, Abraham Lincoln, won a close election with the strong support of German American voters in key states. During the Civil War, many German Americans served enthusiastically in the Union army. Fewer fought in the Confederate army, for the majority of German Americans lived outside the Southern states. Germans in St Louis formed a militia that helped ensure that border state's loyalty to The Union. Numerous German Americans rose to the rank of general, including Carl Schurz and the flamboyant George Armstrong Custer, whose great-grandfather (named Kuster) had been one of the Hessians who stayed in the United States after the Revolution. The latter half of the 19th century saw the rise of labor unions and social reform movements in the United States. Labor unions had been formed in Germany as early as the 1840s, and German immigrants played an active role in the U.S. union movement. Skilled German American workers like bakers, tailors, and cigar- makers formed local trade unions in cities such as New York, Philadelphia, Milwaukee, St. Louis, and Chicago. Many German Americans, inspired by the ideas of the German philosopher Karl Marx and other European socialists, saw the labor movement as part of a larger social transformation. The socialist movement was particularly strong in New York and Midwestern cities with large German American populations. In 1916 the mayor of Milwaukee and 21 of the 25 members of its city council were socialists. By today's standards, the goals of the 19th-century socialist labor leaders were modest ones. German Americans led the fight for an eight-hour workday, retirement benefits, and disability insurance. However, business leaders condemned such demands as radical ideas, and bloody clashes between strikers and police turned public opinion against the socialist movement. The more conservative American Federation of Labor {AFL), established in 1886, eventually drew most of the German American trade unions into its membership. However, the AFL refused to admit unskilled workers in such industries as mining, construction, and manufacturing. In the 20th century, the growth of assembly-line industries such as automobile manufacturing created a new wave of labor organizing. Walter Reuther, a German American born in West Virginia in 1907, became active in the struggle to organize automobile workers during the 1930s. Reuther served as president of the United Automobile Workers {UAW) from 1946 until his death in 1970. In 1955, he led the merger of the congress of Industrial Organizations {CIO), an association of industrial workers, with the AFL. Socialism, which was so strong an ideal among 19th- century German Americans, failed to attract the support of most other Americans. Reuther himself fought off a communist attempt to take control of the UAW. Yet many of the German socialists' goals have won universal acceptance: the high standard of living enjoyed by most American workers, the Social Security program that enables elderly Americans to retire comfortably, and government- enforced safety in the workplace. Putting Down Roots The first German immigrants founded their own community- Germantown, Pennsylvania-setting a pattern for the millions of Germans who followed. Until the 20th century , German Americans preserved their language and culture by settling with others who shared a German heritage. The map of the United States is dotted with German names where the immigrants put down roots: New Braunfels, Texas; New Brunswick, New Jersey; New Berlin, Wisconsin; Rhinebeck, New York; Bismarck, North Dakota. Similarly, Germans who settled in major cities congregated in their own neighborhoods. Shop signs and the spoken language remained German in the Kleindeutschlands (little Germanies) of New York, Chicago, Cincinnati, Milwaukee, St. Louis, and Baltimore until well into the 20th century. In 1914, Cincinnati had four daily German newspapers, four hospitals staffed by German-speaking doctors and nurses, and more than 70 churches where the services were in German. Preservation of the German language was the key to maintaining the cultural traditions that united the German American communities. Not only were the church services in German, but so were the public schools of such cities as Cincinnati, Milwaukee, and St. Louis. At the beginning of World War I, more than 500 German- language newspapers were being published in the United States. Within the tightly knit German American neighborhoods and communities, family ties were the strongest bonds. In 1883, Fackel, the Sunday edition of the Chicagoer Arbeiter-Zeitung, asserted that "the man is the head of the family, its protector, its representative outside the home; the woman is the soul of the family, its guardian angel, its inner compass. " Mathilde Anneke, who emigrated to Milwaukee in the 1850s, was an active member of the women's rights movement, publisher of the Deutsche Frauen- Zeitung (German Wives' News)- and was an exception. Most German American women accepted their traditional roles, expressed as Kirche, Kinder, Kiiche {church, children, kitchen). To some German Americans, maintaining their heritage was a religious duty .The Mennonites who first arrived in 1683 opposed the taking of oaths and resorting to violence of any kind. The men wore black clothing and hats; the women covered their heads in public and wore long, plain dresses. Because buttons were luxuries of the rich in 17th-centurv Germany, the Mennonites did not use them. Avoiding what they saw as corrupting influences of the modern world, they preferred to live in their own communities, which spread from Pennsylvania to Nebraska and Kansas. Today some Mennonites have adapted to modern ways, but the most conservative group, the Amish, still do not use electricity, automobiles, or motorized farm equipment. The Hutterites, a similar group, also maintain the German language and traditional customs in their communities. Of course, the vast majority of German Americans were not Mennonites. Lutherans, members of the Reformed church, Methodists, Ro- man Catholics, and Jews were among the millions who arrived over the past three centuries. Until the 20th century, however, most of them still clung to their German American identity . The Missouri Synod (governing council) of the Lutheran church, for example, was founded in 1847 by German Lutherans who had left Saxony. Similarly, the German Methodist church was a separate branch of the American Methodist Episcopal church unti11924. German American Catholics made up about one-third of all American Catholics in the 1890s. Their preference for German- speaking priests created conflict with the bishops of the American Catholic church, most of whom were Irish. When German American priests in several cities petitioned the church hierarchy in Rome for equal treatment, an Irish American bishop in Louisville declared, "If these German prelates are allowed special legislation as Germans... we will be looked upon as a German church in an English- speaking country ." The controversy eventually died down with the creation of separate parishes for German Americans as well as for Poles, Italians, and other non-English-speaking Catholics. After 1830, Jews from the various states of Germany began to arrive in large numbers. They soon formed their own congregations separate from those founded earlier by the descendants of Spanish Jews. German-trained rabbis such as Isaac M. Wise from Bohemia introduced the ideas of Reform Judaism to the United States. Nineteenth-century German American Jews tended to participate in the social and intellectual life of the larger German American community .They were typically as proud of their German cultural heritage as of their Jewish religious identity .Toward the end of the 19th century , they used their national heritage to distinguish themselves from less prosperous Russian Jewish immigrants whom they considered socially inferior . Wherever they settled, German Americans organized their own as sociations and clubs. One of the earliest, the Sons of Hermann, was founded in New York in 1840 to foster German customs and language and to aid financially needy members. By the turn of the century it had branches in many other cities. (Hermann, the organization's namesake, was a Germanic folk hero whose men defeated three Roman legions at the Battle of Teutoburg Forest in the year A.D. 9.) There were many other German American mutual aid societies, which provided life insurance, medical care, and jobless benefits for members. Countless social clubs, called Vereine (the singular is Verein), were formed in communities large and small. As Carl Entenmann told the Historical Association of Los Angeles in 1929, "We have a saying that when three Germans meet they start a Society ." Some Vereine were associations of people from the same state in Germany, such as the Schwaben Verein. They organized social and cultural activities and sometimes took part in politics. Other Vereine met for a specific purpose, such as the Turnvereine or gymnastic clubs, called turner societies in English. Part of a physical-culture movement founded in 1811 in Germany, the Tumvereine sought to promote health through exercise and gymnastics. The movement also had a socialist bent. The first American Turverein was established by Friedrich Hecker, one of the " '48ers" who had played an important role in the failed revolutions in Germany. Spreading to virtually every large German American community in the 1850s, the Turverein movement also carried out military drills. In the Civil War they formed militias to fight on the Union side. Equally popular were Gesangvereine and Siingerbund, German singing societies. Choral singing was a beloved tradition of long standing in Germany. The first American Gesangverein, founded in Philadelphia in 1835, was soon followed by others in Baltimore, New York, Chicago, Cincinnati, and Charleston. The Gesangvereine organized Siingerfests {singing festivals), often in May and October, which featured a mix of German folk songs and classical music. Many Vereine met in neighborhood German beer halls, which were not the same as what we now call bars. The spirit in the beer halls was marked by gemutlichkeit, or "good fellowship." Families came there to enjoy the food, song, and socializing. Orchestras played German music, and the walls were decorated with paintings of scenes in Germany. Many kinds of German wurst {sausage), schnitzel {veal cutlet), and sauerkraut were on the menu. In summer, the crowd moved outdoors to an en- closed garden. By the beginning of the 20th century, most German Americans felt that their place in U.S. society was secure. The German-American Alliance, founded in 1901, claimed 3 million members by 1916. It encouraged the continued use of German in public schools, opposed limits on new immigration, and fought against the movement to prohibit the sale of alcoholic beverages in the United States. However, the outbreak of World War I in Europe in 1914 brought an abrupt change in German American life. In August, Germany sent troops across the neutral nation of Belgium to attack France. Britain entered the war on France's side. Some German Americans defended Germany's war policy, but most merely urged the United States not to get involved in the war. Other Americans generally agreed, but U.S. banks made loans to England and France, allowing them to buy billions of dollars' worth of war materiel from U.S. companie In 1915 a German submarine sank the British ocean liner Lusitania, causing the deaths of more than 1,000 civilian passengers, including 128 Americans. When the United States protested vigorously, the German government promised to modify its policy of unrestricted submarine attacks on merchant ships. The U.S. President, Woodrow Wilson, ran for reelection in 1916 with the slogan "He kept us out of war." But after Wilson's victory the German government resumed unrestricted submarine warfare. Furthermore, it was revealed that Germany had attempted to persuade Mexico to attack the United States if it entered the war. Ultimately, on April 6, 1917, the United States declared war on Germany. Throughout the United States, all German Americans now came under suspicion of disloyalty. During the years 1917 and 1918 many German Americans were jailed for speaking out or writing in opposition to American involvement in the war. German businesses and homes were vandalized, and "patriotic" mobs sometimes attacked German American citizens. Robert Prager, an outspoken immigrant from Dresden, was lynched in Illinois in 1918. The home-front battle against all things Germanic went to ridiculous lengths. Symphony orchestras were banned from playing German music, and German books were publicly burned, even in such bastions of German American life as Cincinnati. Streets, towns, and even foods were given new, non- German names. The frankfurter became the hot dog, sauerkraut became liberty cabbage, and German shepherd dogs were now called Alsatians. After the war, anti-German prejudice continued. The use of the German language in schools and churches sharply declined. Many German American clubs disbanded, and newspapers ceased publication. Never again would the German American community be as strong and vital as before 1917. Herbert Hoover, who in 1929 became the first U.S. President of German descent, did not publicize his roots. In the 1930s, Adolf Hider came to power in Germany. The Deutschamerikanische Volksbund (German American People's League) was formed in 1936 to support Hider's Nazi government. The Bund, as it was called, attracted attention with public rallies at which the Nazi swastika was displayed. However, its membership never exceeded 25,000 people, and most German Americans were unsympathetic to Hider's Nazi doctrine. During World War II, German Americans did not encounter the accusations of disloyalty they had faced earlier. In fact, the commander-in-chief of the Allied military forces that defeated Nazi Germany was Dwight David Eisenhower, another German American.

1. ↑ Information from Sister Marian Einck.
2. ↑ Donald and Margaret (Toedt) Einck. Einck Families. (1982)
   1.
3. ↑ Jay Wilpolt. Kaukauna & Fox Cities Families. (October 10, 2006).
4. ↑ Donald and Margaret (Toedt) Einck. Einck Families. (1982).
5. ↑ Lorraine Einck Schrandt Research
   1.
6. ↑ WPA - Work Projects Administration 1930's Graves Registration Survey. (2006).
7. ↑ Cemetery Records for St. Mary's - Our Lady of Seven Dolors Catholic Church at Festina.
8. ↑ Bob Ott. Tombstones.
9. ↑ Ship Plutarch Manifest. (On Bob Ott's Web Page).
10. ↑ Rosemary Vanderah Rossini. Ancestors, Descendants and Relatives of Theodore and Catherine Bullerman. (April 27, 2004).
11. ↑ Rosemary Vanderah Rossini. Ancestors, Descendants and Relatives of Theodore and Catherine Bullerman. (April 27, 2004).
12. ↑ Ship Plutarch Manifest. (On Bob Ott's Web Page).
13. ↑ Ship Plutarch Manifest. (On Bob Ott's Web Page).

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