Person:Richard III (1)

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Richard III (2 October 1452 – 22 August 1485) was King of England for two years, from 1483 until his death in 1485 in the Battle of Bosworth Field. He was the last king of the House of York and the last of the Plantagenet dynasty. His defeat at Bosworth Field, the decisive battle of the Wars of the Roses, is sometimes regarded as the end of the Middle Ages in England. He is the subject of the play Richard III by William Shakespeare.

When his brother Edward IV died in April 1483, Richard was named Lord Protector of the realm for Edward's son and successor, the 12-year-old King Edward V. As the new king travelled to London from Ludlow, Richard met and escorted him to where he was lodged in the Tower of London. Edward V's brother Richard joined him there. Arrangements began to be made for Edward's coronation on 22 June.

However, before the young king could be crowned, Edward IV's marriage to the boys' mother Elizabeth Woodville was publicly declared to be invalid, making their children illegitimate and ineligible for the throne. On 25 June an assembly of lords and commoners endorsed these claims. The following day, Richard III officially began his reign. He was crowned on 6 July. The two young princes were not seen in public after August and there arose subsequently a number of accusations that the boys had been murdered by Richard, giving rise to the legend of the Princes in the Tower.

There were three major battles against Richard. The first, in October 1483, was led by staunch allies of Edward IV and most notably by Richard's former ally, Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham. The revolt collapsed and Stafford was executed at Salisbury near the Bull's Head Inn. In August 1485, there was another rebellion against Richard, headed by Henry Tudor, 2nd Earl of Richmond (later King Henry VII), and his uncle Jasper. Henry Tudor landed in Pembrokeshire, his birthplace, with a small contingent of French troops, and marched through Wales recruiting foot soldiers and skilled archers. Richard died during the Battle of Bosworth Field, the last English king to die in battle (and the only English king to do so on English soil since Harold II at the Battle of Hastings in 1066).

Thereafter, due to the ascribed circumstances of his accession to the throne as a consequence of Henry VII's victory and the rise of the House of Tudor, Richard III's remains received only a peremptory battlefield bural and were lost for over five centuries. However, in 2013, after an archaeological dig on a City Council car park on the site of Greyfriars, Leicester, the University of Leicester confirmed that a skeleton discovered in 2012 was, beyond reasonable doubt, that of Richard III, based on DNA tests, radiocarbon dating and comparison with contemporary reports of Richard's appearance.

1. ↑ ^1.0 1.1 Richard III of England, in Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. (Online: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.).
2.   Richard III Plantagenet, King of England, in Lundy, Darryl. The Peerage: A genealogical survey of the peerage of Britain as well as the royal families of Europe.
3.   King Richard, III, in Find A Grave.
4.   RICHARD (Fotheringay Castle 2 Oct 1452-killed in battle Bosworth Field, Leicestershire 22 Aug 1485, bur Greyfriars Abbey, Leicester)., in Cawley, Charles. Medieval Lands: A prosopography of medieval European noble and royal families.