Person:Michael Hartmann (2)

ORIGIN OF FAMILY NAME

HART - English, nickname meaning "stag", used for someone bearing fancied resemblance to the animal. MANN (MAN)- German, meaning "strong man".

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Michael Hartmann found in World Family Tree Volume 162, Tree 726 General location: Germany, ... Date: 1820-1829

This World Family Tree features these surnames and locations: Reed, Weatherly, Diott, McCormick, Loden, Betterton, McCollough, Newberry; and MS, AL, IN, AZ, MI, AR, GA, OK.
 
  Michael Hartmann found in World Family Tree Volume 95, Tree 912 

General location: Germany, ... Date: 1820-1829 This World Family Tree features these surnames and locations: Reed, Weatherly, Diott, McCormick, Betterton, Newberry, Loden, Howell; and MS, IN, AZ, MI, AR, AL, OK, France.

Michaels's daughter, Sophia, married Louis Diott. These WFT volumes may have Michael's ancestors. They have not been searched.

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There is no indication of his immigration date. When the family came to America from Munich, Germany they settled in Chicago. He is not listed in the 1850 Census for St. John's, IN. He either immigrated after then, or lived elsewhere. He may have met Maria when she lived in IL.

Mabel Hartmann's recollection stated that her Uncle Jake (1859-1947) said the family settled in Chicago and her father, Louis was born there before coming to Crown Point, IL. Our records show that the two older children were born in Crown Point, before the Chicago births.

A search of the East, West, and South areas of Chicago found the 1850 Census for South Chicago (pg 124b) has German immigrants Henry Hartman, age 45, laborer and Mary, age 44. Their children are Sophia ,17; Charlotte,9; Caroline,4; and Henry,1. The last two children were born in IL, which means immigration was between 1841 and 1846. If Michael was part of this family, he would have been 19-24 years old at the time of immigration, 28 at the time of the Census, the oldest son, and may have moved to another Chicago or IN location. Michael named his second daughter, Sophia (b.1866 in IL), which could have been after his sister.

It was the Germans who, during the period from 1850 to 1890, dominated the ethnic life of the city. The North Side of the city, home to most of Chicago's Germans, was called the Nord Seite by even the English language press.

In the 1850 Census (pg 128a) for neighboring Cedar Creek Township in Lake County, IN : GW (George Wahington?)Hartman, 24, Tailor LS Hartman, 21 Farmer.

These were the only Hartman's found in a quick search of Lake County.

Possible relatives in Marion County? (Source George Snyder Family on gencircles.com 1/26/2004)

Karl Hartmann Birth: About 1800

Sophia Harmening (Wife) b. About 1800  

Child: Karl Christian Ludwig Hartmann b. 11 Feb 1828 in Frille, Germany (Prussia)

Karl Christian Ludwig Hartmann Birth: 11 Feb 1828 in Frille, Germany (Prussia) Death: 8 Dec 1911 in Indianapolis, Marion County, Indiana

Also Known As: Charles L. Hartmann Occupation: 1879 Established a dairy in Stratford, Indiana Immigration: 15 Oct 1843 Came to America

Caroline Marie Sophia Aldag (Wife) b. 6 Mar 1834 in oberkirchen, Germany  

Marriage: 9 SEP 1854 in Indianapolis, Marion County, Indiana

Children: Emma Elenora Hartmann b. 13 Jun 1855 in Indianapolis, Marion County, Indiana August Ludwig Hartmann b. 7 Oct 1856 in Indianapolis, Marion County, Indiana Martha Reara Hartmann b. 20 Jun 1858 in Indianapolis, Marion County, Indiana Ida Dorodea Hartmann b. 3 Nov 1861 Meta Clara Hartmann b. 28 Dec 1861 in Indianapolis, Marion County, Indiana Bertha Magdalena Hartmann b. 1 Jan 1864 in Indianapolis, Marion County, Indiana Karl Ludwig Hartmann b. 22 Aug 1868 in Indianapolis, Marion County, Indiana Maria Henrietta Hartmann b. 3 Sep 1870 in Indianapolis, Marion County, Indiana George Hoen Hartmann b. 29 Jun 1874 in Indianapolis, Marion County, Indiana Matilda Louisa Hartmann b. 7 Oct 1866 in Cumberland, Marion County, Indiana

First employment was with Governor Whitcomb of Indiana. For nine years he was a pastry cook at the Bates House (Indianapolis?) where he served tea to Abraham Lincoln when Lincoln was on his way to Washington D.C., in February, 1861 to his inauguration (Source George Snyder Family on gencircles.com 1/26/2004)

Other Internet source: In the year 1870,Adam Hartman, born in Pa,was living in Scranton Pa. He was living with my Great Great Grandparents, Philip and Helena Henn Hartman. Adam was 82 Yrs old. No one knows who he is. Philip was born in Prussia, Thrananweir (not spelled correctly)

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When Michael married the widow Maria "Mary" Engel Thon about 1858, she had three young children who were born in IL between her marriage in 1851 and 1856, when Adam Thon died in Crown Point, IN later that year. Her marriage to Michael Hartmann produced their first son, Jacob, who was born in Crown Point, IN in 1859 where they lived until moving to Chicago. Their next three children were born in Chicago, IL over a period of six years. They then returned to Crown Point in 1871 where their remaining children were born.

Mabel Hartmann was only six months old when her grandather Michael died. She remembers a huge portrait of him in the family home.

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!860 Census: Indiana, Lake County, Crown Point Roll 274 Book 1, Page 841

Michael Hartman 43 Farmer Prussia Mary 24" Catherine 8IL George 6IL Mary 4IL John 2IN

The first three children are Mary's by Adam Thon. There is no indication that the Thon children were adopted by Michael Hartman. Jacob (b. 1859) is the first child of this marriage, so the entry of John is probably a mistake.

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1870 US Census: Il, Cook County, 6th Ward Roll 201, Book1, Page 331

Michael 47- Bavaria - day laborer Mary 36 - France - keeping house George 16 - IL - works in Candy factory Mary 14 - IL - w orks in Oil factory Jacob 12 - IN - works in Oil factory Joseph 10 - IN Sophia 4 - IL John 1 - IL

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1880 US Census: Indiana, Lake, Crown Point Household:

Name RelationMarital StatusGenderRaceAgeBirthplace OccupationFather's BirthplaceMother's Birthplace Micheal HARTMAN Self M Male W 56 GER Laborer GER GER Mary HARTMAN Wife M Female W 46 FRA Keeping House FRA FRA Jacob HARTMAN Son Male W 21 IN Works In Hay Press GER FRA Sophia HARTMAN Dau Female W 15 IL GER FRA John HARTMAN Son S Male W 11 IL GER FRA Louie HARTMAN Son S Male W 9 IL GER FRA Clara HARTMAN Dau S Female W 7 IN GER FRA Mena HARTMAN Dau S Female W 4 IN GER FRA

Source Information: Census PlaceCrown Point, Lake, Indiana Family History Library Film 1254291 NA Film Number T9-0291 Page Number 572B Note: this data indicates Michael Hartmann was born in 1824, not 1822 as family records contain.

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Lake County, organized in 1837, derives its name from its local situation, being bounded north by Lake Michigan, east by Porter County, south by the Kankakee River, and west by the State of Illinois. Its average length from north to south is thirty miles, the width sixteen miles, and it contains about 480 square miles. The civil divisions into townships are, North, Center, Winfield, West Creek, Cedar Creek and Eagle Creek. The population in 1840 was 1,468; at this time [1849] it exceeds 3,000. The north part of the county adjoining the lake for four or five miles inland, appears to be merely sand thrown up from the bed of the lake. It is mostly covered with dwarf pine and cedar, and the soil is of but little value. South of Turkey Creek the soil is rich and alluvial, but the central part of the county is better adapted to grazing than grain, the soil being a mixture of clay, marl and black "muck." Farther south there is more sand, with a mixture of black loam, easy of cultivation and the various kinds of grain raised in the west are produced in abundance; and still farther south, adjoining the Kankakee, are extensive marshes. There are six sawmills in operation in the county, and three good flouring mills, with two run of stones each, in successful operation on Deep River. About one-half of the surface of the county is prairie, interspersed with groves of various kinds of timber.

The taxable land in the county amounts to 58,692 acres

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The first permanent settlers in Lake County were Solon Robinson and Mariah Evans Robinson, who arrived in the Crown Point area in October of 1834. Crown Point, the county seat, was founded in 1834 and incorporated in 1868. Land was deeded for a courthouse and public square by Solon Robinson.

Actually, the very first courthouse for Lake County was a two-story log structure, funded by Solon Robinson at his own expense.

In 1878, a plan for a more imposing courthouse and public square came into fruition. Erection of the central portion of the courthouse, including the clock tower, began in 1878. Designer for the courthouse was J. C. Cochran of Chicago, Illinois. Construction materialized through Thomas and Hugh Colwell of Ottawa, Illinois. This original portion of the courthouse was dedicated in 1880 and reached a final cost $52,000.

Because of the expansion of county government, the celebrated courthouse was enlarged by adding a north and south tower. These two-story additions, begun in 1907 and dedicated in 1909, cost $160,000. Architects for the project were Beers and Beers of Chicago. Continued county growth required the addition of single story north and south wings in 1928 at a cost of $80,000.

The Courthouse depicts an age of advancement for Lake County, one of great economic expanse of the oil industry forged by John D. Rockefeller and the beginning of the steel mills by Judge Elbert Gary, making the Calumet Region one of the greatest industrial regions of the world.

The Lake County Courthouse is well-recognized as one of the finest architectural expressions in the state of Indiana. Standing as an impressive historical monument, it will surely continue to represent a steep sense of pride for Lake County and Crown Point, Indiana.

The Lake Court House Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization, continues to maintain and renovate the building.

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Marriage Mill

One of Crown Point's most endearing events, the Marriage Mill, perpetuates the town's romantic heritage. Each summer, during the Hometown Festival, couples stand at the courthouse steps to marry or to restate their matrimonial vows. It must be that these couples revel in joining the ranks of other national celebrities who have wedded at the Lake County Courthouse.

What other small towns can vouch that Rudolph Valentino paraded around the town square with his new bride, waving to admiring onlookers? It is none other than Crown Point, the town well-known as a "marriage-mill" and where Ronald Reagan wed his bride Jane Wyman. (Also, see Valentino article on this page.)

During the years of 1915 to 1940, Crown Point was a well-known marriage mill. An estimated 175,000 couples flocked to the Lake County Courthouse to be wed, since it became associated as a "quick and painless" marriage site. The Justice of the Peace Howard Kemp, in those early years of the marriage mill, advertised in Chicago that Crown Point was the "Gretna Green of the Midwest," alluding to an area in Scotland where British couples eloped. In Crown Point, couples could marry 24 hours a day, seven days a week. However, a later-passed blood test law in Indiana (1940) stunted the Crown Point marrying mahem; it then took couples three days to receive test results.

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Bayern (Bavaria) [K] Bavaria (in German: Bayern; capital: Munich) Niederbayern (Lower Bavaria) Oberbayern (Upper Bavaria) 1806 Munich confirmed as the capital of the Kingdom of Bavaria

1810 First Oktoberfest inaugurated to celebrate the wedding of Crown Prince Ludwig of Bavaria and Princess Therese of Saxony-Hildburghausen

1818 Bavaria becomes the first German state to receive a written constitution. The Landtag (parliament) sits in Munich, which is also the seat of the archdiocese of Munich and Freising

1825-48 Reign of Ludwig I; many of the city’s finest buildings are constructed by architects Leo von Klenze and Friedrich von Gärtner

1826 The Bavarian university moves from Landeshut to Munich

1848-64 Reign of Maximillian II

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WHERE TO FIND HELP:

  Probably the most complete information can be found by visiting the Bavarian genealogical 

society known as *Bayerischer Landesverein fuer Familienkunde e.V.*, Ludwigsstr. 14/I, 80539 Muenchen, Tel: 089/28638398 (Wednesday 11 am - 4 pm)

  Here researchers may find assistance with general information.  This organization also has a 

card file of Bavarians who requested permission to emigrate between about 1820 und 1880. However, this file contains fewer than half the names of persons who actually emigrated.

WHERE TO FIND THESE DOCUMENTS:

  Quite often (but not always) documents contained in the local archives at the place of residence 

of the person were included (as originals or duplicates) into the collections of the *Bayerisches Staatsarchiv* (Bavarian State Archive) and are available to genealogists there. Usually an application form must be filled out stating name and address as well as the purpose of the research intended. Staff are available (however, not always English-speaking) to assist visitors to find relevant documents.

  The Bayerisches Staatsarchiv consists of a *Hauptstaatsarchiv* in Munich (central archive for 

documents relating to Bavaria as a whole, presently containing approximately 25 miles of files) and eight regional archives. Their addresses and telephone numbers, and opening hours follow:

Bayerisches Hauptstaatsarchiv Schoenfeldstrasse 5-11 80539 Muenchen (or: Postfach 221152, 80501 Muenchen) Tel: 089/28638596 Open: M-Th 8-6,F 8-1:30)

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Hamburg Passenger Lists, 1850-1934 Lists of passengers on of vessels sailing from Hamburg between 1850 and 1934 survive in the Hamburg State Archive [Staatsarchiv], Bestand Auswandereramt. The Family History Library in Salt Lake City has microfilm copies of these manifests, comprising 486 reels, which can be consulted either at the Family History Library itself or at any LDS (Mormon) Family History Center outside Germany (restrictions imposed by the Staatsarchiv Hamburg forbid lending these microfilms to any Family History Center within Germany).

Bremen.

     The majority of emigrants from Germany sailed not from Hamburg but from Bremen. Bremen began keeping passenger lists in 1832. These lists no longer exist: in 1875, because of a shortage of space, the government authorized the destruction of the lists for 1832 to 1872, and instituted a policy, in effect until 1909, of preserving only the lists for the current and two most recent years. In 1931 the surviving lists, from 1907 onwards, were deposited with the Statistisches Landesamt Bremen, where they were destroyed during a bombing raid on the city on 6 October 1944. The archives of the Bremen Chamber of Commerce [Handelskammer] contain what appears to be a complete set of duplicate passenger lists for the years 1922-1939.
    "Reconstructions" of Bremen lists from advertisements by shipping agents (signatures of passengers), or reports of disasters at sea or of mistreatment of passengers on board emigration ships, all published in the emigration newspaper, Allgemeine Auswanderungszeitung [AA]; Ein Bote zwischen der alten und neuen Welt (Jg. 1-25; Rudolstadt 1846/47-1871), have been published as follows: 

Clifford N. Smith, From Bremen to America in 1850: Fourteen Rare Emigrant Ship Lists, German-American Genealogical Research Monograph, 22 (Arizona, 1987). Clifford N. Smith, Passenger Lists (and Fragments Thereof) from Hamburg and Bremen to Australia and the United States, 1846-1849, German-American Genealogical Research Monograph, 23 (Arizona, 1988). Extracted from AA, Jg. 1-3; includes 3 additional "notes of appreciation" from Jg. 4 (1850) which pertain to ship voyages made in 1849. Clifford N. Smith, Gold! German Transcontinental Travelers to California 1849-1851, German-American Genealogical Research Monograph, 24 (Arizona, 1988). 300-odd partial ship lists extracted from AA, Jg. 3-5 (1849-1851). Bavaria (in German: Bayern; capital: Munich)

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In 1827 the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen founded the port of "Bremer Haven" on the North Sea estuary of the river Weser. The two towns formed the state of Bremen. The young port of Bremerhaven owes its rise to become a world-famous overseas port to the 7 million emigrants who left Europe from Bremerhaven between 1832 and 1974.

Over 90 per cent of emigrants from Bremerhaven were bound for the United States of America. The transatlantic crossing between Bremerhaven and New York became the most traveled ocean highway in the world. At one time Bremerhaven was the largest European port of emigration.

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The full-rigged ship "BREMEN" (1843–1850) The full-rigged ship "BREMEN" was built as a whaler at Rickmers shipyard in Bremerhaven. In 1843 it was delivered to the South Seas Fishing Company in Bremen. The whaling business was not very profitable, however, and so, from 1847 the "BREMEN" was used as a passenger and freight ship on the Bremerhaven–New York route, also acting as an emigrant ship.

To make it suitable for emigrant transport a 1.70 meter high 'tweendeck' was built in the storage room. Up to five emigrants slept in two wooden bunk berths. The journey took around six weeks, and in bad weather easily twice that.

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The German Emigrants Database is primarily an academic research project. The wealth of data available on emigrants provides a very sound basis for research into the historical, social and technical aspects of the history of migration.

The German Emigrants Database can help to make academic statements in connection with:

the historical course of the various migratory movements social statistical analyses of emigrants the distribution of emigrants in terms of origin the routes taken and migratory movements of emigrants a number of questions linking various intercultural factors.

The German Emigrants Database also provides scientists and academics with statistically prepared data material for research purposes. There is a fee for this service. The data is mainly taken from the digitally recorded passenger manifests of the emigrant ships stored in the German Emigrants Database. Depending on the data quality for each particular year, the following research fields can be called up:

Personal data: Sex Age distribution Marital status distribution Ability to read and write Disabilities

Origin: Nationality Country of origin Last domicile Ethnic group/Religion

Social status:

Occupation Payment of passage

Route: Country of departure Port of departure Ship Ship section/class Port of arrival Journey time

Destinations:

Place of destination Target group Repeat journey

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I received your name from the NWIGS website.

I am searching for information on my great-grandfather, Michael Hartmann. He was born in Munich, Germany on February 5, 1822 (1824?) and married Maria Engel in Crown Point in 1858. He died in Crown Point on February 7, 1899. I have data on him and his family from the 1860, 1870, and 1880 US Census. I have good data from some living family members.

I have not been able to trace his German ancestors, when he immigrated to the United States, his naturalization. or obituary. I have good data from an Internet search on the Engel family back to 1754.

The following obit provides additional information:

"Crown Point Register, March 17, 1910

The death of Mrs. Mary Hartman occurred at her home in the northpart of the town on Monday night, after a long illness. She was one of the pioneers of Crown Point having been a resident herefor nearly 50 years. Mrs. Hartman was born Elsutheung, Germany, May 1834, and came to America in 1850. She was married to AdamThon in 1851, who died five years later. Two years later she wed Michael Hartman, who died eleven years ago. She is survived by thirty-nine grandchildren and nineteen great grandchildren.The children of her first marriage surviving her are GeorgeThon, Mrs. Peter Wolf, and Mrs. Walter Ribicki, all of this city. The children of her second marriage who are living, are Jacob Hartman, Hammond; Mrs. Clara Erlenbach, Hammond; John Hartman, Hammond; Louis Hartman, Merrillville; Joseph Hartman,Chicago; Mrs. John Wehner, Crown Point and Mrs. L. Diott, Detroit. The funeral services were held at St. Mary's Church this morning at 9 o'clock, and were largely attended."

I would appreciate any assistance in this search.

Regards,

Harvey Newquist

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3/11/06 Harvey,

Thank you for asking for my help.

I did some quick checking for you. I do find Michael buried in the St. Mary’s cemetery here in Crown Point. IN and the burial was handle by the Geisen funeral home.  He is buried next to Mary.  I don’t find him in an obit index that I have for the Crown Point Star or Register, but that doesn’t mean he doesn’t have one. We have found many names that were omitted from that index. The paper would have to be checked.  

As for his naturalization if he was naturalization it was not here in Crown Point, as you may know he could have been naturalized any where. The naturalization records are all down at our State Archives and are not indexed, except for the Crown Point ones. I did not find him in the indexed done by the NWIGS or in the court order book ones done by IHS. Therefore the State archives would have to be contacted or the National Archives in Chicago to do a search for you.

At the time he married Maria the marriage application give no information except for the bride and grooms names.

I find no other mention of Michael in any of our history books that I have indexes for. Since he has German back ground you might want to write to Paul DAVIS one of the NWIGS members who writes articles for our newsletter on Germans to Amerika. His e-mail is pady2@@juno.com

My fees are $10.00 an hour plus copy and mailing fees if there is anything else you would like for me to do please don’t hesitated to write. Good Luck with your research,

Marlene Polster mars@@mail.icongrp.com 1437 W. 97th Ave. Crown Point, IN 46307

Harvey, > > Thanks for your query! I recently did some research for the Dyer > Historical Society that included the Hartmann family, and I do have a lot > of data that I think you also have. Like you, I've not been able to go > beyond Michael, but I'm glad to add his birthplace to my data, which I'll > record as Munchen, Bayern, Germany (with an umlaut over the u, of > course). > > If you don't know him, you might contact Matt Galik (mattgt@@outdrs.net). > It's been several years since we exchanged genealogy data on the Engel > family, so that may no longer be a valid address, and I confess that I > was confused with Matt or Mark (I deal with so many thousands of names > that they naturally become something of a blur). > > He had given me a birthplace for Anne Marie Engel as Elsuthlung, Germany, > but I note her ancestry is in the Alsace region of France, and the name > of Kientzheim, a village north of Colmar, south of Strasbourg, is listed > as a birthplace for her mother. No doubt you have all that data... but I > can't find Elsuthlung and wonder if it is somehow a corruption of the > German Elsass, the name for Alsace in that language. > > I was intrigued by the obituary, as I also had data on Adam Thon and one > of his children (Catherine or Mary, who married Peter J. Wolf...again, I > note Matt Galik as a source in my notes). I did not have the Ribicki > connection, but I did have several Ribicki names that I am taking the > liberty of connecting to the as yet unknown Thon daughter to married > Walter... they lived in the Schererville area, and it is such an uncommon > name that they are surely the same family. > > As you must be aware, research in Bavaria is difficult, since the Mormons > haven't been allowed to film the records there, so I can't offer you any > help on the Hartmann origins. I'll be happy to snail mail you some > charts to show you my data on these families, and perhaps they'll be of > some help. I'm glad you've been able to get help from living > descendants! > Paul A. Davis, 3529 Las Pampas Way, Palm Springs, CA 92264 >

1999 update: St. Joseph Parish is presently located within the Diocese of Gary, which was established in 1957.

         St. Joseph Parish: 
           440 Joliet Street - Dyer, (Lake County), Indiana  46311  Phone: (219) 865-2271. 
        Also located in Dyer is:   St. Maria Goretti Paris
           500 Northgate Drive - Dyer (Lake County), Indiana  46311  Phone: (219) 865-8956. 

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Question History:

Patron: I am searching for the parents of my great-grandfather,Michael Hartmann, who died in Crown Point on February 7, 1899. He is not listed in an obit index for the Crown Point Star or Register. Could a search for his obituary in the newspaper be made?

Librarian 1: Unfortunately, the Indiana State Library does not have any issues of either the Crown Point Star or Register for 1899. We do have the Hobart Gazette for 1899, which is in Lake County, but I could not find him. My only suggestion is to contact the Gary Public Library. Our records show that they have the Star and Register from Crown Point for 1899. Perhaps they can help you. Forrest Cook Indiana State Library

HARTMAN(N), Edmund KUROP, Minnie 02/11/1870 07/21/1870 02/21/1870 Rachor, Bathasar Pas W. W. Cheshire St. Johns Church 002 391 HARTMAN, Charles YOUNGLOVE, Frances O. 10/14/1861 10/23/1861 10/14/1861 Foote, Nathaniel H. JP Zerah F. Summers 005 567 HARTMAN, F. E. KEKIES, Margaret 07/03/1891 07/09/1891 07/03/1891 Crawford, H. B. JP George M. Eder 005 038 HARTMAN, Fred W. SMITH, Bertha 02/01/1886 02/26/1886 02/23/1886 Heitman, A. Rev Geo. I. Maillet 012 360 012661H HARTMAN, Jessie SMITH, Susan 04/07/1906 04/12/1906 04/07/1906 McMahan, William W. C.Jud Harold H. Wheeler City Court, Hammond, IN 005 305 HARTMAN, Joe WEBBER, Anna 12/15/1888 12/18/1888 12/16/1888 Wellman, J. D. JP Geo. I. Maillet 004 216 HARTMAN, Joseph HAMMOND, Margaret 08/31/1880 09/02/1880 09/01/1880 Ball, T. H. MG John J. Hoffman 009 123 HARTMAN, Julius 31 NORMAN, Dorathea 26 08/14/1901 09/04/1901 08/14/1901 Dan, W. H. T. Pas Harold H. Wheeler St.Pauls Luth, Hamd 011 004 HARTMAN, Louis M. 23 HOFFMAN, Matilda 19 03/31/1904 04/22/1904 03/31/1904 Wood, A. W. Min Harold H. Wheeler Hammond 002 372 HARTMAN, William BRUNER, Frederika 04/04/1861 04/05/1861 04/04/1861 Lower, J. L. Zerah F. Summers Presbyterian Chur., C. P. GERMAN EMIGRATION

The German states in the 1830s saw the rise of increasingly militant political activity. Unemployment, declining incomes, deteriorating working conditions, and reduced social status plagued the artisans. Outright starvation haunted the lower classes in 1845-1846. Much of the social turmoil can be attributed to the beginnings of German industrialization. However, German society still reflected a society retaining strong vestiges of feudal relationships and institutions. The result was that German lower classes found themselves faced with a situation in which the beginnings of industrialization combined with a system that reflected still powerful feudalism (Engels, 1967; Noyes, 1966).

In 1847 hunger riots broke out in most of the German states and troops fought with rioters. In 1848 revolution broke out in the German states. This liberal bourgeois revolution had a broad base of support. Artisans, peasants, students, and members of the middle class participated in the revolution and toppled most of the governments in the German states. However, the liberal bourgeoisie saw itself threatened from below as well as above. Engels (1967) argued that this (inevitable) mistrust ultimately led to the successful counterrevolution that re-established the old regime.

It was during this time of revolutionary upheaval in Germany, from about 1845 through the 1850s that the rate of German immigration to the U.S. rose dramatically, while the character of the immigration changed. In 1854, the height of pre-Civil War German immigration, between 150,000 and 225,000 Germans settled in the United States. This number was not surpassed until the early 1880s. Furthermore, these immigrants had different backgrounds from the earlier German immigrants; they tended to be poorer and less rural. Artisans made up significant numbers of the immigrants and were disproportionately represented in the German immigration (Walker, 1964).